关于形态变化对语序及主语脱落影响的历时性研究 英文版PDF电子书下载

Chapter 1 A Study of the Contemporary Morphological Researches on Syntax 1

1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Contemporary Morphological Researches on Word Order 2

1.1.1 Rohrbacher(1999) 2

1.1.1.1 Strong agreement hypothesis 2

1.1.1.2 Bobaljik's(2002)view on the strong agreement hypothesis 4

1.1.2 Bobaljik(2002) 5

1.1.2.1 Effects of syntactic structure variation 6

1.1.2.2 Our view on Bobaljik's(2002)hypotheses 8

1.1.3 Trosterud(1989) 9

1.1.3.1 Nominative case-marking hypothesis 10

1.1.3.2 Counterevidence from Faroese 11

1.1.4 Roberts(1993) 14

1.1.4.1 The hypothesis of overy distinct agreement marking 15

1.1.4.2 Our view based on Rohrbacher's(1999)counterevidence 15

1.1.5 Holmberg and Platzack(1995) 17

1.1.5.1 Presence of Agr 18

1.1.5.2 Finiteness feature 20

1.1.5.3 Our relative proposals 22

1.2 Researches on Subject Omission 23

1.2.1 Chomsky(1981,1982) 24

1.2.2 Jaeggli and Safir(1989) 25

1.2.3 Shortcomings of the two null subject hypotheses 27

1.2.4 Vainikka and Levy(1999) 29

1.2.4.1 Pronominal correspondence 30

1.2.4.2 Our view on Vainikka and Levy's(1999)hypothesis 34

1.3 Conclusion 35

Chapter 2 Theoretical Background and Main Proposals of Morphological Effects 37

2.0 Introduction 37

2.1 Morphological Evolution 37

2.1.1 Theoretical background 38

2.1.1.1 Original morphological inflections 38

2.1.1.2 Tendency of morphological evolution 39

2.1.2 Process of morphological evolution 41

2.1.3 Verbal agreement paradigms of different richness degrees 45

2.1.4 Our hypothesis about ways of language evolution 48

2.2 Language Classification with Respect to Verbal Agreement Morphology 51

2.2.1 Presence of the functional category Agr 51

2.2.2 C-Agr vs.T-Agr 54

2.2.3 Classification of agreement paradigms 56

2.2.3.1 Classification in our analysis of word order variation 57

2.2.3.2 Classification in our analysis of subject omission 58

2.2.3.3 Subdivision of degraded rich agreement morphology 61

2.3 Theoretical Background about Syntactic Effects of Morphological Change 64

2.3.1 Haeberli's(2000)diachronic study 65

2.3.2 Word computation 69

2.4 Our Proposals of Morphological Effects on Syntax 72

2.4.1 Two affixation levels 73

2.4.2 Psychological evidence for affixation levels 78

2.4.3 Morphological case system 79

2.4.4 Morphological influence on subject omission 82

2.5 Language Change as a Continuum 85

2.6 Conclusion 88

Chapter 3 A Diachronic Study of the Romance Languages 90

3.0 Introduction 90

3.1 Evolutional Process of Romance Morphology 91

3.1.1 Ancestor of the Romance languages 91

3.1.2 Deveiopmental tendency of clitics 94

3.1.2.1 From simple clitics to special clitics 95

3.1.2.2 From prefixes to suffixes 95

3.1.3 Evolution of Romance clitics 99

3.1.4 Optional positions of Romance clitics 101

3.2 Romanian 104

3.2.1 Romanian morphology 105

3.2.2 Romanian syntax 108

3.2.2.1 Unset head parameter value 108

3.2.2.2 Free word order 110

3.2.2.3 V-to-T movement 112

3.3 Italian 113

3.3.1 Italian morphology 114

3.3.2 Italian syntax 117

3.3.2.1 Change of the head parameter value 117

3.3.2.2 Change from C-Agr to T-Agr 121

3.2.2.3 V-to-T movement 123

3.2.2.4 V-to-C movement 124

3.3.2.5 Comparison between Romanian and Italian 126

3.4 French 129

3.4.1 French morphology 129

3.4.2 French syntax 131

3.4.2.1 Obligatory vs.optional clitic doubling in Colloquial French 132

3.4.2.2 Fixed word order 134

3.4.2.3 V-to-T movement 137

3.5 Conclusion 141

Chapter 4 A Diachronic Study of the Germanic Languages 142

4.0 Introduction 142

4.1 Classification of the Germanic Languages 143

4.2 Morphological Evolution of the Germanic Languages 144

4.2.1 Gothic morphology 144

4.2.2 Morphology of the North Germanic languages 145

4.2.2.1 Old Scandinavian 145

4.2.2.2 Comparison between Old Scandinavian and the Romance languages 146

4.2.2.3 Modem Icelandic 148

4.2.2.4 Mainland Scandinavian languages 150

4.2.3 Morphology of the West Germanic languages 152

4.2.3.1 German morphology 152

4.2.3.2 Morphological development in English 155

4.3 Syntactic Comparison of the North Germanic Languages 156

4.3.1 Old Scandinavian 157

4.3.1.1 Unset head parameter value 157

4.3.1.2 Free word order 161

4.3.1.3 Syntactic effects of morphological development 163

4.3.2 Similarities in the modem Scandinavian languages 165

4.3.2.1 Head parameter value 165

4.3.2.2 Verb second constraint 166

4.3.2.3 Fixed subject position 169

4.3.3 Differences in the modem Scandinavian languages 172

4.3.4 EMCs in Scandinavian 177

4.4 Syntax of the West Germanic Languages 182

4.4.1 German 182

4.4.1.1 V-to-C movement 182

4.4.1.2 V-to-T movement 187

4.4.2 English 188

4.4.2.1 V-to-T movement in Old English 188

4.4.2.2 Loss of V-to-T movement in Modem English 192

4.4.2.3 Base-generated position of be and have 193

4.4.2.4 Loss of OV pattern in Modem English 195

4.5 Conclusion 196

Chapter 5 Null Subject Permission 198

5.0 Introduction 198

5.1 Main Proposals on Subject Omission 199

5.1.1 Classification of agreement paradigms 199

5.1.2 Licensing conditions of difierent null subjects 201

5.1.3 Loss of empty topics 203

5.1.4 Re-interpretation of topics 206

5.2 Full-null-subject Languages vs.Non-null-subject Languages 208

5.2.1 Full-null-subject languages 208

5.2.2 Non-null-subject languages 212

5.3 Semi-null-subject Languages 216

5.3.1 Old Scandinavian and Modem Icelandic 217

5.3.2 Modem German 223

5.4 Conclusion 225

Conclusion 227

Bibliography 241

Acknowledgements 249