英国合同侵权法概论PDF电子书下载

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

1.1 English Law System 2

1.1.1 Historical Background of Modern English Legal System 2

1.1.2 Categorisation of Law 9

1.1.3 Legal Method 11

1.2 Contract 15

1.2.1 Definition of Contract 15

1.2.2 The Classification of Contracts 16

1.2.3 Contracts in Shipping 17

1.2.4 Elements of the Law of Contract 18

1.2.5 A Guide to the Law of Contract in this Book 18

1.3 Tort Law 22

1.3.1 Introduction 22

1.3.2 Categories of Tort 23

1.3.3 Introduction of Main Torts 24

1.3.4 A Guide of Tort Law in this Book 27

Chapter 2 Contract Law-Formation of a Contract：Offer and Acceptance 29

2.1 Offer 29

2.1.1 Definiteness of an Offer 29

2.1.2 Offer Distinguished from Invitation to Treat 30

2.2 Acceptance 36

2.2.1 Unconditional Acceptance 36

2.2.2 Subject to Contract 38

2.2.3 Acceptance of Tenders 42

2.2.4 Acceptance Communicated 44

2.2.5 Specified Methods of Acceptance 48

2.2.6 Acceptance Given in Exchange for the Offer 49

2.2.7 Offer and Acceptance Implied by the Court 50

2.2.8 Termination of Offer 51

2.2.9 Anomalous Cases 53

Chapter 3 Contract Law-Formation of a Contract：Intention to Be Legally Bound 54

3.1 The Reasonable Man Test 54

3.2 Two Presumptions 55

3.3 Domestic Agreements 55

3.3.1 Agreements between Husband and Wife 55

3.3.2 Agreements between Parent and Child 57

3.3.3 Other Domestic Arrangements 58

3.4 Commercial Agreements 58

3.5 Collective Agreements 64

Chapter 4 Contract Law-Formation of a Contract：Consideration 66

4.1 Definition 66

4.2 Types of Consideration-Executory,Executed and Past 67

4.3 Judicial Rules Relating to Consideration 71

4.3.1 Consideration Moving from Promise 71

4.3.2 Consideration Not Adequate 75

4.3.3 Consideration Real 76

4.3.4 Existing Public Duty 78

4.3.5 Existing Contractual Duty 80

4.3.6 Existing Contractual Duty to a Third Party 82

4.4 Part-payment of Debts 83

4.5 Promissory Estoppel 85

Chapter 5 Contract Law-Privity of Contract 89

5.1 Development of the Doctrine of Privity of Contract 89

5.2 Established Exceptions 91

5.2.1 Statutory Exceptions 91

5.2.2 Agency 94

5.2.3 Collateral Contract 95

5.2.4 Covenants Which Run with the Land 95

5.2.5 Restrictions on Price 96

5.3 Attempts to Evade Privity 96

5.3.1 Restrictions upon Use 97

5.3.2 Restrictions upon Price 101

5.3.3 The Trust Device 102

5.3.4 Section 56 of the Law of Property Act 1925 105

5.4 Right to Claim Damages 106

5.5 Contracts（Rights of Third Parties）Act 1999 111

5.5.1 Variation and Cancellation 112

5.5.2 Defences 113

5.5.3 Exceptions 114

5.6 Himalaya Clause 114

Chapter 6 Contract Law-Terms of the Contract 117

6.1 Certainty 117

6.2 Express Terms 119

6.2.1 The Parol Evidence Rule 119

6.2.2 Representations and Terms 120

6.2.3 Collateral Contracts 124

6.3 Conditions,Warranties and Innominate Terms 126

6.3.1 Condition 126

6.3.2 Warranty 127

6.3.3 Innominate Term 128

6.4 Implied Terms 130

6.4.1 Terms Implied by Custom 130

6.4.2 Terms Implied by Statute 131

6.4.3 Terms Implied by the Court 132

6.5 Interpretation of Terms in Contracts 135

Chapter 7 Contract Law-Exclusion Clause 140

7.1 Introduction 140

7.2 Incorporation 140

7.2.1 Document Signed 140

7.2.2 Requirement of Notice 141

7.2.3 Previous Dealings 142

7.3 Construction 143

7.3.1 Contra Proferentem Rule 143

7.3.2 Repugnance to Main Purpose 144

7.3.3 Fundamental Breach 144

7.4 Further Limitations on Exclusion Clauses 146

7.4.1 Position of Third Parties 146

7.4.2 Inconsistent Oral Promise 147

7.5 Legislation 148

7.5.1 Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 148

7.5.2 Evaluation of the Act 166

7.5.3 Unfair Terms in Consumer Contract Regulations 1999 167

Chapter 8 Contract Law-Misrepresentation 169

8.1 Introduction 169

8.2 Actionable Misrepresentation 170

8.2.1 False Statement of Fact 170

8.2.2 Meaning of Inducement 176

8.3 Types of Misrepresentation 179

8.3.1 Fraudulent Misrepresentation 179

8.3.2 Negligence Misrepresentation at Common Law 181

8.3.3 Negligence Misrepresentation under the Misrepresentation Act 1967 184

8.3.4 Wholly Innocent Misrepresentation 187

8.4 Remedies for Misrepresentation 187

8.4.1 Rescission 188

8.4.2 Bars to Rescission 189

8.4.3 Damages for Misrepresentation 190

8.5 Relationship between Misrepresentation and Estoppel 192

Chapter 9 Contract Law-Mistake 194

9.1 Introduction 194

9.2 Mistake Relating to Documents 196

9.2.1 Non Est Factum 197

9.2.2 Rectification 201

9.3 Identical or Common Mistake 202

9.3.1 Agreements Void Both at Common Law and Equity 202

9.3.2 Agreements in Respect of Which Equity Will Give Relief 204

9.4 Non-identical Mistake 207

9.4.1 Effect of Mutual and Unilateral Mistake at Common Law 209

9.4.2 Effect of Mutual and Unilateral Mistake in Equity 215

Chapter 10 Contract Law-Duress and Undue Influence 218

10.1 Duress 218

10.1.1 Unconscionable Bargains 220

10.1.2 Economic Duress 221

10.2 Undue Influence 227

10.2.1 No Special Relationship between the Contracting Parties 228

10.2.2 A Confidential Relationship between the Parties 229

Chapter 11 Contract Law-Discharge of the Contract 237

11.1 Introduction 237

11.2 Frustration 237

11.2.1 Nature and Rationale of the Doctrine 237

11.2.2 Theories as to the Basis of the Doctrine 242

11.2.3 Limits to Frustration 244

11.2.4 Legal Effect of Frustration 247

11.2.5 Law Reform（Frustrated Contracts）Act 1943 248

11.3 Breach 249

11.4 Agreement 252

11.4.1 Consideration and Formalities 253

11.4.2 Rescission,Variation and Waiver 254

11.5 Performance 255

11.5.1 Severable Contracts 256

11.5.2 Substantial Performance 257

11.5.3 Voluntary Acceptance of Partial Performance 257

11.5.4 Prevention of Performance by Breach or Frustration 258

11.6 Tender of Performance 259

11.7 Stipulations as to Time 259

Chapter 12 Contract Law-Remedies 261

12.1 Introduction 261

12.2 Damages 261

12.2.1 Basis of the Award 261

12.2.2 Contributory Negligence 262

12.2.3 Damages for Mental Distress 263

12.2.4 Remoteness of Damage 266

12.2.5 Measure of Damages 269

12.2.6 Mitigation 271

12.2.7 Liquidated Damages and Penalties 273

12.3 Action for an Agreed Sum 274

12.4 Quantum Meruit 277

12.5 Specific Performance and Injunction 278

12.5.1 Specific Performance 278

12.5.2 Injunction 280

12.6 Other Remedies 281

12.7 Limitation of Actions 281

Chapter 13 Tort Law-Negligence：Duty of Care 283

13.1 Introduction 283

13.2 Establish a Duty 283

13.2.1 Forseeability and Proximity and the“Just and Reasonable”Requirement 284

13.2.2 Public Policy 290

13.2.3 Present Position 292

13.2.4 Conclusion 293

13.3 Economic Loss：Negligent Misstatement 294

13.3.1 Hedley Byrne 294

13.3.2 Subsequent Developments 295

13.3.3 Application of Hedley Byrne 296

13.3.4 Disclaimers and Contributory Negligence 297

13.3.5 Reliance by a Third Party 298

13.4 Economic Loss：Negligent Acts 298

13.4.1 Damage to Third Party Property 299

13.4.2 Acquiring Defective Property 299

13.5 Nervous Shock 302

13.6 Omissions 305

13.7 Legal Immunities 306

Chapter 14 Tort Law-Breach of Duty 308

14.1 Introduction 308

14.2 Objective Standard 311

14.2.1 Standard of the Reasonable Person 311

14.2.2 Negligence Distinguished from“Mere Errors” 312

14.2.3 General or Variable? 314

14.3 Professional Standards 316

14.4 Weighing the Risk and Gravity of Harm against the Cost of Prevention 320

14.4.1 Risk and Foreseeability of Damage 321

14.4.2 Assessing the Costs of Prevention 323

14.5 Proof of Carelessness 327

Chapter 15 Tort Law-Causation and Remoteness of Damage 332

15.1 Cause of Damage 332

15.1.1 Nature of Causal Inquiry 332

15.1.2 But-for Causation 335

15.2 Remoteness of Damages 349

15.2.1 Intervening Acts of the Third Parties 349

15.2.2 Act of the Claimant 352

15.2.3 Foreseeability of the Extent of Damage 355

15.2.4 Foreseeability of the Causal Sequence 359

15.2.5 Remoteness and Damages to Property 360

15.2.6 Remoteness and Pure Economic Loss 362

15.2.7 Remoteness of Damage in Contract and Tort 363

Chapter 16 Tort Law-Damages 365

16.1 Preliminary Observations 365

16.2 Notions of Damage and Damages 365

16.3 Types of Damages 366

16.3.1 General and Special Damages 366

16.3.2 Nominal and Substantial Damages 367

16.3.3 Contemptuous and Aggravated Damages 367

16.3.4 Punitive（or Exemplary）Damages 369

16.3.5 Compensatory Damages 375

16.4 The Principle of Full Compensation 375

16.5 The Interrelationship of Tort and Other Compensation Systems 378

16.5.1 Benefits not Covered by the Statutory Regime 380

16.5.2 Benefits Subject to the Statutory Regime 381

16.6 Lump-sum Compensation 383

16.7 Pecuniary Losses 386

16.7.1 Medical and Other Expenses up to the Date of Trial 386

16.7.2 Prospective Losses 387

16.8 Injunctions 388

16.8.1 Prohibitory Injunctions 388

16.8.2 Mandatory Injunctions 389

16.8.3 Quis Timet Injunctions 389

16.8.4 Interlocutory（or Interim）Injunctions 389

16.9 Damages in Lieu of Injunctions 390

16.10 Joint and Concurrent Liability 391

16.10.1 Joint and Concurrent Liability Distinguished 391

16.10.2 Successive Actions 391

16.10.3 Contribution and Apportionment 392

16.10.4 Indemnity 397

16.10.5 Secondary Civil Liability 398

Conclusions and Look Forward 400