英文大学人文经典教材 西方人文读本 注释版 第6版PDF电子书下载

INTRODUCTION:Why Study Cultural History? 15

A HUMANITIES PRIMER:How to Understand the Arts 20

1 PREHISTORY AND NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS 1

PREHISTORY AND EARLY CULTURES 2

Paleolithic Period 2

Neolithic Period 3

Technology in Early Cultures 5

Stone Age Technology 6

Bronze Age Technology 7

Iron Age Technology 8

THE CIVILIZATIONS OF THE TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES RIVER VALLEY:MESOPOTAMIA 7

The Sumerian,Akkadian,and Babylonian Kingdoms 7

The Cradle of Civilization 8

Writing 9

Religion 9

ENCOUNTER The Phoenicians and the Alphabet 10

Literature 11

Law 12

SLICE OF LIFE "A Sumerian Father Lectures His Son" Anonymous,from clay tablets 13

Science,Mathematics,and Medicine 13

Art and Architecture 14

THE CIVILIZATION OF THE NILE RIVER VALLEY:EGYPT 17

Continuity and Change over Three Thousand Years 18

A Quest for Eternal Cultural Values 20

Religion 20

Writing and Literature 21

Science and Medicine 21

SLICE OF LIFE Life's Instruction Book for Egyptians Anonymous,from A Papyrus Text 22

Architecture 22

Sculpture,Painting,and Minor Arts 23

HEIRS TO THE MESOPOTAMIAN AND EGYPTIAN EMPIRES 29

The Hittites 29

The Assyrians 29

The Medes 30

The Persians 30

THE LEGACY OF EARLY NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS 33

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 33

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 33

2 AEGEAN CIVILIZATIONSThe Minoans,the Mycenaeans,and the Gteeks of the Archaic Age 35

PRELUDE:MINOAN CIVILIZATION,3000-1100 B.C.E. 36

BEGINNINGS:MYCENAEAN CIVILIZATION,1900-1100 B.C.E. 39

Technology in Minoan Crete and Mycenae 42

INTERLUDE:THE DARK AGES,1100-800 B.C.E. 42

THE ARCHAIC AGE,800-479 B.C.E. 42

Political,Economic,and Social Structures 43

The Greek Polis:Sparta and Athens 44

Technology in Archaic Greece 45

The Persian Wars 46

THE EMERGENCE OF GREEK GENIUS:THE MASTERY OF FORM 46

Religion 46

Literature 48

Epic Poetry 48

Lyric Poetry 48

ENCOUNTER Near Eastern Art and Greek Pottery 50

Philosophy,Science,and Medicine 52

Natural Philosophy 52

SLICE OF LIFE The Worlds of Women and Men in Ancient Greece Sappho,"He Seems to Be a God"and Alcaeus,"Longing for Home" 53

Medicine 54

Architecture 54

Sculpture 56

THE LEGACY OF ARCHAIC GREEK CIVILIZATION 60

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 61

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 61

3 CLASSICAL GREEK CIVILIZATIONThe Hellenic Age 63

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HELLENIC CIVILIZATION 63

DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN AFFAIRS:WAR,PEACE,AND THE TRIUMPH OF MACEDONIA 66

Phases of the Hellenic Age 66

Technology 68

Shipbuilding 69

Warfare 70

THE PERFECTION OF THE TRADITION:THE GLORY OF HELLENIC GREECE 69

ENCOUNTER "The Representation of Blacks in Greek Art" 70

Theater:Tragedy 71

Features of the Tragic Theater 71

Tragic Drama 72

Aeschylus 73

Sophocles 74

Euripides 74

Theater:Comedy 75

Music 75

History 76

Philosophy,Science,and Medicine 76

The Pre-Socratics 77

The Sophists 77

The Socratic Revolution 77

Plato 79

Aristotle 79

Medicine 80

Architecture 81

Sanctuaries 81

The Temple:The Perfection of the Form 81

SLICE OF LIFE Xenophon,"Secrets of a Successful Marriage in Ancient Greece"Xenophon,from Oeconomicus 83

Sculpture 84

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 90

THE LEGACY OF HELLENIC CIVILIZATION 91

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 91

4 CLASSICAL GREEK CIVILIZATIONThe Hellenistic Age 93

THE STAGES OF HELLENISTIC HISTORY 94

The End of the Empire and the Rise of the States 95

The Arrival and Triumph of Rome 95

URBAN LIFE IN THE HELLENISTIC AGE 95

Pergamum 97

Alexandria in Egypt 97

THE ELABORATION OF THE GREEK TRADITION:THE SPREAD OF CLASSICISM TO THE HELLENISTIC WORLD 98

SLICE OF LIFE Street Scene in Hellenistic Egypt Theocritus,from Idylls 99

Drama and Literature 99

Philosophy and Religion 101

Cynicism 101

Skepticism 102

Epicureanism 102

Stoicism 104

Fate and the Mystery Cults 104

Science and Medicine 106

Architecture 106

The Corinthian Temple 106

The Altar 107

ENCOUNTER "The Invention of Parchment and the Birth of the Secular Library" 108

Sculpture 109

Late Hellenistic Style:Rhodes 113

THE LEGACY OF HELLENISTIC WORLD 116

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 117

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 118

5 ROMAN CIVILIZATIONThe Pre-Christian Centuries 119

THE COLOSSUS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD 119

General Characteristics of Roman Civilization 120

Technology 122

Warfare 122

Construction 123

The Etruscan and Greek Connections 123

Rome in the Age of Kings,753-509 B.C.E. 123

The Roman Republic,509-31 B.C.E. 124

The Early Republic,509-264 B.C.E. 125

The Middle Republic,264-133 B.C.E. 125

The Late Republic,133-31 B.C.E. 126

Growing Autocracy:Imperial Rome,31 B.C.E.-284 C.E. 126

Pax Romana,31 B.C.E.-193 C.E. 127

Civil Wars,193-284 C.E. 128

THE STYLE OF PRE-CHRISTIAN ROME:FROM GREEK IMITATION TO ROMAN GRANDEUR 128

Roman Religion 128

Language,Literature,and Drama 129

The First Literary Period,250-31 B.C.E. 130

The Second Literary Period:The Golden Age,31 B.C.E.-14 C.E. 131

The Third Literary Period:The Silver Age,14-200 C.E. 132

SLICE OF LIFE A College Student's Letter Home Marcus,Son of Cicero 132

Philosophy 133

Stoicism 133

Neo-Platonism 134

Science and Medicine 134

Law 135

The Visual Arts 136

Architecture 136

ENCOUNTER "Roman Conquests and Romance Languages" 141

Sculpture 144

Painting and Mosaics 147

Music 150

THE LEGACY OF PRE-CHRISTIAN ROME 153

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 153

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 153

6 JUDAISM AND THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY 155

JUDAISM 155

The People and Their Religion 155

Egypt,Exodus,and Moses 156

The Kingdom of Israel 157

The Babylonian Captivity and the Postexilic Period 159

The Hellenistic and Roman Periods 160

Societal and Family Relationships 162

SLICE OF LIFE A Jewish Eyewitness to the Destruction of the Second Temple,Flavius Josephus,from History of the Jewish War(75-59 C.E) 162

The Bible 162

Early Jewish Art and Architecture 163

ENCOUNTER "Baal,a Rival to the Israelites'God" 168

CHRISTIANITY 169

The Life of Jesus Christ and the New Testament 170

Christians and Jews 173

Christianity and Greco-Roman Religions and Philosophies 174

Christians in the Roman Empire 174

SLICE OF LIFE A Christian Mother Faces Death from Roman Authorities,Vibia Perpetua,A Martyr in the Early Christian Church 175

Early Christian Literature 175

Early Christian Art 177

THE LEGACY OF BIBLICAL JUDAISM AND EARLY CHRISTIANITY 180

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 181

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 181

7 THE CIVILIZATIONS OF LATE ROME,BYZANTIUM,AND THE EARLY MEDIEVAL WEST 183

THE LAST DAYS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE 184

Diocletian's Reforms and the Triumph of Christianity,284-395 184

The Great Persecution and Christian Toleration 186

Early Christian Developments 187

Christian Rome and the End of the Western Empire,395-476 187

THE TRANSITION FROM CLASSICAL HUMANISM TO CHRISTIAN CIVILIZATION 188

Literature,Theology,and History 188

The Fathers of the Church 189

SLICE OF LIFE A Roman Delegate at a Barbarian Banquet,Priscus 191

Church History 191

The Visual Arts 191

Architecture 192

Sculpture 194

Painting and Mosaics 196

Music 198

THE EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE AND BYZANTINE CIVILIZATION,476-1453 198

History of the Byzantine Empire 199

ENCOUNTER "Ancient Globalization:Rome and the Silk Road" 200

SLICE OF LIFE A Father's Advice to His Sons,Kekaumenos,from Strategikon 204

Byzantine Culture:Christianity and Classicism 204

The Orthodox Religion 205

Science and Technology 205

Law and History 206

Architecture and Mosaics 206

THE EARLY MEDIEVAL WEST 208

The Early Middle Ages:A Romano-Germanic Christianized World 208

Religion and the Arts and Humanities in the Early Middle Ages 211

Christianity:Leadership and Organization 211

Literature,History,and Learning 212

SLICE OF LIFE Marriage Diplomacy Nets a Diplomatic Insult,Liudprand of Cremona 213

Music 213

Architecture 215

Painting:Illuminated Manuscripts 215

Technology 216

Warfare 216

Farming 218

THE LEGACY OF LATE ROME,BYZANTIUM,AND THE EARLY MEDIEVAL WEST 218

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 219

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 219

8 THE WORLD OF ISLAM 630-1517 221

MUHAMMAD,THE PROPHET 222

IMPERIAL ISLAM 225

The Post-Muhammad Years 225

The Umayyad Dynasty 226

The Abbasid Dynasty 226

The Seljuk Turk Empire 226

Imperial Decline 227

ISLAM AS RELIGION 227

MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC CULTURE 230

Medicine 230

Philosophy and History 230

Philosophy 231

History 231

Technology 231

Papermaking 231

Hydraulics 232

Mechanical Engineering 232

Literature 232

Poetry 233

Prose 233

ENCOUNTER "An International Community of Scholars" 234

Art and Architecture 234

Architecture 235

Painting 240

SLICE OF LIFE Fears of Assimilation in a Multicultural Society,Paul Albar 240

Music 242

THE LEGACY OF MEDIEVAL ISLAM 243

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 245

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 245

SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING 245

9 THE HIGH MIDDLE AGESThe Christian Centuries 247

FEUDALISM 248

The Feudal System and the Feudal Society 248

Peasant Life 248

The Rise of Towns 249

The Feudal Monarchy 251

The French Monarchy 252

The English Monarchy 253

The Holy Roman Empire 253

The Papal Monarchy 254

MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANITY AND THE CHURCH 255

Christian Beliefs and Practices 255

ENCOUNTER "Pagan Vikings Versus Christian Europeans" 256

Religious Orders and Lay Piety 257

The Crusades 259

THE AGE OF SYNTHESIS:EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN THE SPIRITUAL AND THE SECULAR 259

SLICE OF LIFE When Love Knows No Boundaries,Heloise,from a letter 260

Theology and Learning 260

Cathedral Schools and the Development of Scholasticism 261

Peter Abelard 261

The Rise of the Universities 261

Intellectual Controversy and Thomas Aquinas 262

Science and Medicine 262

Science 263

Medicine 263

Literature 264

Monastic and Feudal Writing 264

Vernacular and Courtly Writing 265

Dante 265

Architecture and Art 266

Romanesque Churches and Related Arts 267

Gothic Churches and Related Arts 271

Music 280

Technology 282

Warfare 282

Waterpower and Windpower 282

Farming 282

THE LEGACY OF THE CHRISTIAN CENTURIES 283

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 283

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 283

SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING 283

10 THE LATE MIDDLE AGES 1300-1500 285

HARD TIMES COME TO EUROPE 285

Ordeal by Plague,Famine,and War 287

Depopulation and Rebellion 288

The Secular Monarchies 288

The Papal Monarchy 290

Technology 290

The Rise of Industries 290

The Printing Press 291

THE CULTURAL FLOWERING OF THE LATE MIDDLE AGES 291

Religion 291

Theology and Philosophy 293

The Via Antiqua Versus the Via Moderna 293

Duns Scotus and William of Ockham 293

SLICE OF LIFE A Gossip Columnist of the Late Middle Ages,Henry Knighton,from his Chronicle 294

Science 295

Literature 295

ENCOUNTER A New Look at the Spread of Byzantine Scholarship in the West 296

Northern Italian Literature:Petrarch and Boccaccio 296

English Literature:Geoffrey Chaucer 298

French Literature:Christine de Pizan 298

Art and Architecture 299

Late Gothic Architecture 299

Late Gothic Sculpture 301

Late Gothic Painting and the Rise of New Trends 306

Music 315

THE LEGACY OF THE LATE MIDDLE AGES 318

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 318

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 319

SUGGESTION FOR LISTENING 319

11 THE EARLY RENAISSANCEReturn to Classical Roots 1400-1494 321

THE RENAISSANCE:SCHOOLS OF INTERPRETATION 321

EARLY RENAISSANCE HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS 322

Italian City-States during the Early Renaissance 322

Florence,the Center of the Renaissance 324

The Resurgent Papacy,1450-1500 326

THE SPIRIT AND STYLE OF THE EARLY RENAISSANCE 326

Humanism,Scholarship,and Schooling 327

SLICE OF LIFE Battle of the Sexes,Fifteenth-Century Style,Laura Cereta,from a letter 328

Thought and Philosophy 328

Architecture,Sculpture,and Painting 329

Artistic Ideals and Innovations 331

Architecture 332

Sculpture 333

Painting 339

ENCOUNTER The Influence of Islam on the European Renaissance 346

Music 347

THE LEGACY OF THE EARLY RENAISSANCE 349

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 349

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 349

SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING 349

12 THE HIGH RENAISSANCE AND EARLY MANNERISM,1494-1564 351

THE RISE OF THE MODERN SOVEREIGN STATE 352

The Struggle for Italy,1494-1529 353

Charles V and the Hapsburg Empire 353

ECONOMIC EXPANSION AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS 355

Demographics,Prosperity,and the Beginning of a Global World 356

Technology 356

Sailing 356

Warfare 357

Science and Medicine 357

FROM HIGH RENAISSANCE TO EARLY MANNERISM 358

Literature 359

ENCOUNTER Portuguese Exploration Sets the Stage for a New World 360

Gaspara Stampa 360

Castiglione 361

Machiavelli 362

Painting 363

Leonardo da Vinci 363

Michelangelo 365

Raphael 369

The Venetian School:Giorgione and Titian 371

The School of Parma:Parmigianino 373

Sculpture 374

SLICE OF LIFE Artists and Their Critics:Michelangelo'sStrategy,Giorgio Vasari,from Life of Michelangelo 375

Architecture 378

Music 381

THE LEGACY OF THE HIGH RENAISSANCE AND EARLY MANNERISM 383

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 383

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 383

SUGGESTION FOR LISTENING 383

13 NORTHERN HUMANISM,NORTHERN RENAISSANCE,RELIGIOUS REFORMATIONS,AND LATE MANNERISM 1500-1603 385

NORTHERN HUMANISM 386

THE NORTHERN RENAISSANCE 388

Northern Renaissance Thought and Science 388

Jean Bodin 388

Andreas Vesalius 389

Northern Renaissance Literature 390

Michel de Montaigne 390

William Shakespeare 390

Northern Renaissance Painting 392

Albrecht Dürer 392

Matthias Grünewald 393

Hieronymus Bosch 395

Pieter Bruegel the Elder 395

THE BREAKUP OF CHRISTENDOM:CAUSES OF THE RELIGIOUS REFORMATIONS 398

The Protestant Order 399

Luther's Revolt 399

ENCOUNTER Indigenous Peoples and New Spain 400

SLICE OF LIFE The Conscience of Sixteenth-Century Christian Europe,Bartolomé de las Casas from A Short Account of theDestruction of the Indies 403

The Reforms of John Calvin 405

The Reform of the English Church 406

The Counter-Reformation 406

The Reformed Papacy 407

New Monastic Orders 408

The Council of Trent 408

Warfare as a Response to Religious Dissent,1520-1603 409

LATE MANNERISM 409

Spanish Painting 410

Spanish Literature 412

Late Mannerist Painting in Italy:Tintoretto 413

Music in Late-Sixteenth-Century Italy and England 413

THE LEGACY OF NORTHERN HUMANISM,NORTHERN RENAISSANCE,RELIGIOUS REFORMATIONS,AND LATE MANNERISM 416

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 417

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 417

SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING 417

14 THE BAROQUE AGEGlamour and Grandiosity 1600-1715 419

ABSOLUTISM,MONARCHY, AND THE BALANCE OF POWER 420

France:The Supreme Example of Absolutism 421

England:From Monarchy to Republic to Limited Monarchy 422

Warfare in the Baroque Period:Maintaining the Balance of Power 423

The Thirty Years'War,1618-1648 423

The Wars of Louis XIV,1665-1713 424

SLICE OF LIFE Two Views of Power:Master(Louis XIV) and Servant(Duke of Saint-Simon) 425

Technology 426

Warfare Technology 426

Household Technology 426

THE BAROQUE:VARIATIONS ON AN INTERNATIONAL STYLE 428

The Florid Baroque 428

Architecture 429

ENCOUNTER "Japan Closes Its Door,Nearly" 430

Sculpture 432

Painting 433

The Classical Baroque 438

Architecture 438

Painting 439

The Restrained Baroque 440

Painting 440

Architecture 446

Literature 447

Baroque Literature in France 448

Baroque Literature in England 448

Music 449

Opera 449

Bach,Handel,and Vivaldi 450

THE LEGACY OF THE BAROQUE AGE 452

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 453

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 453

SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING 453

15 THE BAROQUE AGE IIRevolutions in Scientific and Political Thought 1600-1715 455

THEORIES OF THE UNIVERSE BEFORE THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION 456

THE MAGICAL AND THE PRACTICAL IN THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION 457

Astronomy and Physics:From Copernicus to Newton 458

Nicolas Copernicus 458

Johannes Kepler 459

Galileo Galilei 461

Isaac Newton 461

Medicine and Chemistry 462

Technology 464

The Impact of Science on Philosophy 464

Francis Bacon 465

René Descartes 465

Blaise Pascal 466

Ironies and Contradictions of the Scientific Revolution 466

THE REVOLUTION IN POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY 467

Natural Law and Divine Right:Grotius and Bossuet 467

SLICE OF LIFE Innocent or Guilty?A Seventeenth-Century Witch Trial,Suzanne Gaudry:Trial Court Records,June,1652 468

Absolutism and Liberalism:Hobbes and Locke 468

EUROPEAN EXPLORATION AND EXPANSION 470

RESPONSES TO THE REVOLUTIONS IN THOUGHT 472

The Spread of Ideas 472

ENCOUNTER "The Sinews of Trade" 474

Impact on the Arts 476

THE LEGACY OF THE REVOLUTIONS IN SCIENTIFIC AND POLITICAL THOUGHT 477

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 477

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 477

16 THE AGE OF REASON 1700-1789 479

THE ENLIGHTENMENT 480

The Philosophes and Their Program 481

Religion 482

Deism 482

Popular Religion 483

The Encyclopédie 483

The Physiocrats 484

THE GREATPOWERS DURING THE AGE OF REASON 485

Society:Continuity and Change 485

Absolutism,Limited Monarchy,and Enlightened Despotism 486

France:The Successors to the Sun King 486

Great Britain and the Hanoverian Kings 487

Enlightened Despotism in Central and Eastern Europe 487

CULTURAL TRENDS IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY:FROM ROCOCO TO NEOCLASSICAL 488

The Rococo Style in the Arts 489

Rococo Painting 489

Rococo Interiors 491

The English Response 493

The Challenge of Neoclassicism 494

Neoclassical Painting 494

ENCOUNTER "Chinoiserie:Fantasy of the East" 496

The Print 498

Neoclassical Architecture 500

Philosophy 500

Political Philosophy 501

David Hume 502

Literature 502

French Writers:The Development of New Forms 502

Neoclassicism in English Literature 503

The Rise of the Novel 504

SLICE OF LIFE "How to Manipulate the System:Lady Mary Wortley Montagu,"Letter,March 25,1744 505

Music 505

THE LEGACY OF THE AGE OF REASON 508

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 509

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 509

SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING 509

17 REVOLUTION,REACTION,AND CULTURAL RESPONSE 1760-1830 511

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 511

Industrialization in England 512

Classical Economics:The Rationale for Industrialization 513

SLICE OF LIFE Life Inside a "Satanic Mill" in 1815:Elizabeth Bentley,Report of Parliamentary Committee on the Bill to Regulate the Labour of Children in Mills and Factories,1832 514

POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS,1760-1815 515

The American Revolution 515

The French Revolution 516

Technology 518

REACTION,1815-1830 519

ENCOUNTER "Slavery and the French Revolution" 520

REVOLUTIONS IN ART AND IDEAS:FROM NEOCLASSICISM TO ROMANTICISM 520

Neoclassicism in Literature after 1789 521

Neoclassical Painting and Architecture after 1789 522

Romanticism:Its Spirit and Expression 524

The Romantic Movement in Literature 527

Romantic Painting 528

England 528

Germany 530

Spain 532

France 534

Science and Philosophy 538

Science 538

Philosophy 539

The Birth of Romantic Music 539

THE LEGACY OF THE AGE OF REVOLUTION AND REACTION 542

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 542

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 542

SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING 543

18 THE TRIUMPH OF THE BOURGEOISIE 1830-1871 545

THE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SCENE:LIBERALISM AND NATIONALISM 546

The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 547

European Affairs in the Grip of Realpolitik 548

Limited Reform in France and Great Britain 548

Wars and Unification inCentral Europe 549

Civil War in the United States 550

Industrialism,Technology,and Warfare 551

Industrialism:The Shrinking Globe 551

New Technologies 552

The Spread of Industrialism 553

Symbols of the Bourgeois Age:The Crystal Palace and the Suez Canal 553

NINETEENTH-CENTURY THOUGHT:PHILOSOPHY,RELIGION,AND SCIENCE 555

Liberalism Redefined 555

Socialism 555

ENCOUNTER "The Tragedy of the Cherokee Nation" 556

Religion and the Challenge of Science 558

CULTURAL TRENDS:FROM ROMANTICISM TO REALISM 559

SLICE OF LIFE Observing Human Behavior:The Classes and the Masses,Charlotte Brontё,The First World's Fair,1851;Hippolyte Taine,A Day at the Races,28 May 1861 560

Literature 560

The Height of French Romanticism 561

Romanticism in the English Novel 562

Romanticism in American Literature 563

Realism inFrench and English Novels 563

The Russian Realists 564

Realism among African American Writers 564

Art and Architecture 565

Neoclassicism and Romanticism after 1830 565

The Rise of Realism in Art 567

Photography 572

Music 573

THE LEGACY OF THE BOURGEOIS AGE 576

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 576

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 576

SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING 577

19 THE AGE OF EARLY MODERNISM,1871-1914 579

EUROPE'S RISE TO WORLD LEADERSHIP 579

The Second Industrial Revolution,New Technologies,and the Making of Modern Life 580

Response to Industrialism:Politics and Crisis 583

Domestic Policies in the Heavily Industrialized West 583

SLICE OF LIFE Winning the Right to Vote:Lady Constance Lytton,Notes from a diary 584

Domestic Policies in Central and Eastern Europe 585

Imperialism and International Relations 586

The Scramble for Colonies 586

The Outbreak of World War I 589

EARLY MODERNISM 590

Philosophy,Psychology,and Religion 590

Nietzsche 590

Freud and Jung 590

Religious Developments 591

Literature 592

Naturalistic Literature 592

Decadence in Literature 593

Expressionist Literature 594

The Advance of Science 594

The Modernist Revolution in Art 596

Impressionism 596

ENCOUNTER "The French Impressionists Meet Ukiyo-e Art" 600

Post-Impressionism 600

Fauvism,Cubism,and Expressionism 605

New Directions in Sculpture and Architecture 607

Music:From Impressionism to Jazz 611

THE LEGACY OF EARLY MODERNISM 614

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 614

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 614

SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING 615

20 THE AGE OF THE MASSES AND THE ZENITH OF MODERNISM,1914-1945 617

THE COLLAPSE OF OLD CERTAINTIES AND THE SEARCH FOR NEW VALUES 618

World War I and Its Aftermath 618

The Great Depression of the 1930s 621

ENCOUNTER Civil Disobedience and the Campaign for Indian Independence 622

The Rise of Totalitarianism 624

Russian Communism 624

European Fascism 624

World War Ⅱ:Origins and Outcome 625

THE ZENITH OF MODERNISM 626

Mass Culture,Technology,and Warfare 628

Mass Culture and New Technologies 628

Warfare 628

Experimentation in Literature 629

The Novel 629

Poetry 630

Drama 632

Philosophy,Science,and Medicine 632

Philosophy 632

Science 634

Medicine 636

SLICE OF LIFE The Face of Evil:A Nazi Death Camp,Elie Wiesel,from Night 636

Art,Architecture,Photography,and Film 637

Painting 638

Architecture 647

Photography 648

Film 650

Music:Atonality,Neoclassicism,and an American Idiom 650

THE LEGACY OF THE AGE OF THE MASSES AND HIGH MODERNISM 654

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 654

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 654

SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING 655

21 THE AGE OF ANXIETY AND LATE MODERNISM 1945-1970 657

FROM A EUROPEAN TO A WORLD CIVILIZATION 657

The Era of the Superpowers,1945-1970 658

Postwar Recovery and the New World Order 658

The Cold War 659

Emergence of the Third World 661

THE END OF MODERNISM 663

Philosophy and Religion 664

Political and Social Movements 665

Science and Technology 666

SLICE OF LIFE Humans in Space:"One Giant Leap for Mankind,"Neil Armstrong and Edwin E.Aldrin,astronauts,voice transmittal from the Moon 669

Medicine 669

The Literature of Late Modernism:Fiction,Poetry,and Drama 670

Fiction 670

Poetry 671

Drama 671

Late Modernism and the Arts 673

Painting 674

Sculpture 679

Architecture 682

Happenings 685

Late Modern Music 687

ENCOUNTER "The Globalization of Popular Music" 688

Film 690

THE LEGACY OF THE AGE OF ANXIETY AND LATE MODERNISM 692

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 692

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 692

SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING 693

22 THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD:Globalization,Terror,and Post-Modernism 1970- 695

TOWARD A NEW GLOBAL ORDER,1970-2001 696

National Issues and International Realignment 696

The Fall of Communism 696

The Post-Cold War World 698

THE AGE OF TERROR,2001- 702

THE BIRTH OF POST-MODERNISM 703

Medicine,Science,and Technology 704

Medicine 704

Science 705

Technology 705

Philosophy and Religion 706

Philosophy 706

Religion and Religious Thought 707

The Literature of Post-Modernism 709

Fiction 709

ENCOUNTER Continental Drift:Demography and Migration 710

Poetry 710

Drama 710

Post-Modernism and the Arts 711

Painting 711

Sculpture 719

Installation Art 721

Environmental Art 722

Video Art 722

Architecture 722

Film 727

Post-Modern Music 729

Performance Art 731

Mass Culture 732

ASUMMING UP 733

SLICE OF LIFE David Brooks,Trading Cricket for Jihad 734

THE LEGACY OF THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD 735

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 735

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 735

SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING 736

GLOSSARY 737