材料手同 6 矿物 矿石 宝石 岩石 陨石PDF电子书下载

Introduction 13

12 Minerals,Ores and Gemstones 751

12.1 Definitions 751

12.2 Mineralogical,Physical and Chemical Properties 756

12.2.1 Mineral Names 756

12.2.2 Chemical Formula and Theoretical Chemical Composition 757

12.2.3 Crystallographic Properties 757

12.2.4 Habit or Crystal Form 758

12.2.5 Color 759

12.2.6 Diaphaneity or Transmission of Light 760

12.2.7 Luster 760

12.2.8 Cleavage and Parting 760

12.2.9 Fracture 761

12.2.10 Streak 761

12.2.11 Tenacity 761

12.2.12 Density and Specific Gravity 762

12.2.13 Mohs Hardness 762

12.2.14 Optical Properties 765

12.2.15 Static Electricity and Magnetism 766

12.2.16 Luminescence 766

12.2.17 Piezoelectricity and Pyroelectricity 766

12.2.18 Play of Colors and Chatoyancy 767

12.2.19 Radioactivity 767

12.2.20 Miscellaneous Properties 767

12.2.21 Chemical Reactivity 767

12.2.22 Pyrognostic Tests or Fire Assays 768

12.2.22.1 The Flame Test 768

12.2.22.2 The Fusibility Test 770

12.2.22.3 The Reduction on Charcoal 771

12.2.22.4 Tests with Cobalt Nitrate and Sulfur Iodide 771

12.2.22.5 The Closed Tube Test 772

12.2.22.6 The Open Tube Test 774

12.2.22.7 The Bead Tests 775

12.2.23 Heavy-Media or Sink-float Separations in Mineralogy 776

12.2.23.1 Selection of Dense Media 777

12.2.23.2 Common Heavy Liquids Used in Mineralogy 777

12.3 Strunz Classification of Minerals 777

12.4 Dana's Classification of Minerals 779

12.5 Gemstones 781

12.5.1 Diamond 783

12.5.1.1 Introduction 783

12.5.1.2 Diamond Types 784

12.5.1.3 Diamond Physical and Chemical Properties 784

12.5.1.4 Diamond：Origins and Occurrence 786

12.5.1.5 Industrial Applications 787

12.5.1.6 Diamond Prices 788

12.5.1.7 Treatments 788

12.5.1.8 Diamond Shaping and Valuation 788

12.5.2 Beryl Gem Varieties 789

12.5.2.1 Emerald 790

12.5.2.2 Aquamarine 791

12.5.2.3 Morganite 792

12.5.2.4 Heliodor 792

12.5.2.5 Goshenite 792

12.5.3 Corundum Gem Varieties 792

12.5.3.1 Ruby 794

12.5.3.2 Sapphire 794

12.5.4 Synthetic Gemstones 795

12.5.4.1 Synthesis from Melts 795

12.5.4.2 Synthesis from Solutions 796

12.5.4.3 Diamond Synthesis 797

12.6 IMA Acronyms of Rock-forming Minerals 798

12.7 Mineral and Gemstone Properties Table 800

12.8 Mineral Synonyms 868

12.9 Further Reading 878

12.9.1 Crystallography 878

12.9.2 Optical Mineralogy 879

12.9.3 Mineralogy 880

12.9.4 Industrial Minerals 881

12.9.5 Ores 881

12.9.6 Gemstones 882

12.9.7 Heavy Liquids and Mineral Dressing 883

13 Rocks and Meteorites 885

13.1 Introduction 885

13.2 Structure of the Earth's Interior 886

13.3 Different Type of Rocks 889

13.4 Igneous Rocks 890

13.4.1 Classification of Igneous Rocks 891

13.4.1.1 Crystals Morphology and Dimensions 892

13.4.1.2 Mineralogy 892

13.4.1.3 Coloration 894

13.4.2 Texture of Igneous Rocks 895

13.4.3 Chemistry of Igneous Rocks 896

13.4.4 General Classification of Igneous Rocks 899

13.4.5 Vesicular and Pyroclastic Igneous Rocks 904

13.5 Sedimentary Rocks 904

13.5.1 Sediments 906

13.5.2 Residual Sedimentary Rocks 906

13.5.3 Detritic or Clastic Sedimentary Rocks 907

13.5.4 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks 908

13.5.5 Biogenic Sedimentary Rocks 909

13.5.6 Chemical Composition 910

13.6 Metamorphic Rocks 910

13.6.1 Classification of Metamorphic Rocks 911

13.6.2 Metamorphic Grade 911

13.6.3 Metamorphic Facies 912

13.7 Ice 912

13.8 Meteorites 914

13.8.1 Definitions 914

13.8.2 Modern Classification of Meteorites 914

13.8.3 Tektites,Impactites,and Fulgurites 920

13.9 Properties of Common Rocks 921

13.10 Further Reading 925