微电子电路分析与设计 英文版PDF电子书下载

CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Electronics and Design 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 History of Electronics 1

1.3 Electronic Systems 3

Sensors 3

Actuators 3

1.4 Electronic Signals and Notation 4

Analog-to-Digital Converters 5

Digital-to-Analog Converters 6

Notation 6

1.5 Classifications of Electronic Systems 7

1.6 Specifications of Electronic Systems 9

Transient Specifications 9

Distortion 10

Frequency Specifications 10

dc and Small-Signal Specifications 11

1.7 Design of Electronic Systems 12

1.8 Design of Electronic Circuits 14

Analysis versus Design 14

Definition of Engineering Design 15

The Circuit-Level Design Process 16

Benefits of Studying from a Design Perspective 19

Types of Design Projects 20

Design Report 21

1.9 Electronic Devices 21

Semiconductor Diodes 21

Bipolar Junction Transistors 22

Field-Effect Transistors 22

REFERENCES 26

PROBLEMS 26

CHAPTER 2 Diodes 27

2.1 Introduction 27

2.2 Ideal Diodes 28

2.3 Transfer Characteristic of Diode Circuits 31

2.4 Practical Diodes 32

2.5 Physical Operation of Junction Diodes 32

Diode Junction 32

Forward-Biased Condition 34

Reverse-Biased Condition 34

Breakdown Condition 34

2.6 Characteristic of Practical Diodes 35

2.7 Determination of Diode Constants 37

2.8 Temperature Effects 39

2.9 Analysis of Practical Diode Circuits 41

Graphical Method 42

Approximate Method 42

Iterative Method 42

2.10 Modeling of Practical Diodes 44

Constant-Drop de Model 44

Piecewise Linear dc Model 44

Low-Frequency ac Model 46

High-Frequency ac Model 51

PSpice/SPICE Diode Model 53

2.11 Zener Diodes 56

Zener Regulator 57

Design of a Zener Regulator 59

Zener Limiters 62

Temperature Effects on Zener Diodes 65

2.12 Light-Emitting Diodes 66

2.13 Schottky Barrier Diodes 66

2.14 Power Rating 67

2.15 Diode Data Sheets 69

SUMMARY 73

REFERENCES 73

REVIEW QUESTIONS 73

PROBLEMS 74

CHAPTER 3 Applications of Diodes 81

3.1 Introduction 81

3.2 Diode Rectifiers 81

Single-Phase Half-Wave Rectifiers 82

Single-Phase Full-Wave Center-Tapped Rectifiers 89

Single-Phase Full-Wave Bridge Rectifiers 94

3.3 Output Filters for Rectifiers 99

L-Filters 99

C-Filters 102

LC-Filters 106

3.4 Clippers 109

Parallel Clippers 109

Series Clippers 110

3.5 Clamping Circuits 112

Fixed-Shift Clampers 112

Variable-Shift Clampers 113

3.6 Peak Detectors and Demodulators 116

3.7 Voltage Multipliers 120

Voltage Doublers 120

Voltage Triplers and Quadruplers 121

3.8 Function Generators 123

SUMMARY 126

REFERENCES 126

REVIEW QUESTIONS 126

PROBLEMS 127

CHAPTER 4 Introduction to Amplifiers 133

4.1 Introduction 133

4.2 Amplifier Characteristics 134

Voltage Gain 134

Current Gain 135

Power Gain 135

Logarithmic Gain 135

Input and Output Resistances 136

Amplifier Saturation 136

Amplifier Nonlinearity 138

4.3 Amplifier Types 140

Voltage Amplifiers 140

Current Amplifiers 144

Transconductance Amplifiers 148

Transimpedance Amplifiers 150

4.4 PSpice/SPICE Amplifier Models 151

Voltage Amplifier 152

Current Amplifier 152

Transconductance Amplifier 152

Transimpedance Amplifier 152

4.5 Gain Relationships 152

Voltage and Current Amplifiers 152

Voltage and Transconductance Amplifiers 153

Voltage and Transimpedance Amplifiers 153

4.6 Cascaded Amplifiers 154

Cascaded Voltage Amplifiers 154

Cascaded Current Amplifiers 155

4.7 Introduction to Transistor Amplifiers 156

Bipolar Junction Transistors 156

Field-Effect Transistors 161

4.8 Frequency Response of Amplifiers 165

Low-Pass Characteristic 166

High-Pass Characteristic 168

Band-Pass Characteristic 170

Gain and Bandwidth Relation 171

4.9 Miller s Theorem 172

4.10 Amplifier Design 175

SUMMARY 178

REVIEW QUESTIONS 178

PROBLEMS 179

CHAPTER 5 Amplifying Devices 185

5.1 Introduction 185

5.2 Bipolar Junction Transistors 186

Input and Output Characteristics 186

BJT Models 188

dc Biasing of BJTs 192

Biasing Circuit Design 193

Common-Emitter Amplifiers 196

Emitter Followers 201

Common-Base Amplifiers 205

Amplifiers with Active Loads 209

5.3 Field-Effect Transistors 214

Enhancement MOSFETs 215

Depletion MOSFETs 218

Junction Field-Effect Transistors 221

FET Models 223

Biasing of FETs 227

Common-Source Amplifiers 233

Common-Drain Amplifiers 237

Common-Gate Amplifiers 240

FET Amplifiers with Active Loads 242

5.4 FETs versus BJTs 245

5.5 Design of Amplifiers 245

BJT Amplifier Design 246

FET Amplifier Design 249

SUMMARY 252

REFERENCES 252

REVIEW QUESTIONS 252

PROBLEMS 253

CHAPTER 6 Introduction to Operational Amplifiers 267

6.1 Introduction 267

6.2 Characteristics of Ideal Op-Amps 268

6.3 Op-Amp PSpice/SPICE Models 270

dc Linear Model 271

ac Linear Model 272

Nonlinear Macromodel 273

6.4 Analysis of Ideal Op-Amp Circuits 273

Noninverting Amplifiers 274

Inverting Amplifiers 277

Differential Amplifiers 279

6.5 Op-Amp Applications 281

Integrators 281

Differentiators 286

Instrumentation Amplifiers 289

Noninverting Summing Amplifiers 291

Inverting Summing Amplifiers 292

Addition-Subtraction Amplifiers 293

Optocoupler Drivers 296

Photodetectors 296

Voltage-Current Converters 297

dc Voltmeteters 298

dc Millivoltmeters 298

Negative Impedance Converters 299

Constant Current Sources 300

Noninverting Integrators 301

Inductance Simulators 302

ac-Coupled Bootstrapped Voltage Followers 303

6.6 Circuits with Op-Amps and Diodes 304

Most Positive Signal Detectors 305

Precision Peak Voltage Detectors 305

Precision Half-Wave Rectifiers 306

Precision Full-Wave Rectifiers 307

Precision Clamping Circuits 308

Fixed Voltage Limiters 309

Adjustable Voltage Limiters 310

Zener Voltage Limiters 315

Hard Limiters 316

6.7 Op-Amp Circuit Design 319

SUMMARY 321

REFERENCES 321

REVIEW QUESTIONS 321

PROBLEMS 322

CHAPTER 7 Characteristics of Practical Op-Amps 329

7.1 Introduction 329

7.2Internal Structure of Op-Amps 329

7.3 Parameters of Practical Op-Amps 330

Input Resistance 331

Output Resistance 331

Input Capacitance 331

Common-Mode Rejection Ratio 331

Large-Signal Voltage Gain 333

Rise Time 333

Open-Loop Voltage Gain and Bandwidth 334

Slew Rate 338

Input Voltage Limits 339

Output Voltage Limits 339

Input Offset Voltage 339

Input Biasing Current 341

Input Offset Current 343

Power Supply Rejection Ratio 345

Thermal Drift 345

7.4 Offset Voltage Adjustment 347

7.5 Measurement of Offset Parameters 349

SUMMARY 350

REFERENCES 350

REVIEW QUESTIONS 350

PROBLEMS 350

CHAPTER 8 Frequency Response of Amplifiers 353

8.1 Introduction 353

8.2 Frequency Model and Response of BJTs 354

High-Frequency Model 354

Small-Signal PSpice/SPICE Model 356

Frequency Response of BJTs 356

8.3 Frequency Model and Response of FETs 360

Frequency Model and Response of JFETs 360

Frequency Model and Response of MOSFETs 361

Small-Signal PSpice/SPICE Model 363

8.4 Bode Plots 364

Low-Pass Amplifiers 365

High-Pass Amplifiers 366

Band-Pass Amplifiers 367

8.5 Amplifier Frequency Response 368

Low Cutoff Frequencies 369

High Cutoff Frequencies 370

8.6 Short-Circuit and Zero-Value Methods for Determining Break Frequencies 374

Short-Circuit Method 374

Zero-Value Method 376

Mid-Band Voltage Gain 378

8.7 Frequency Response of Common-Emitter BJT Amplifiers 378

Low Cutoff Frequencies 378

High Cutoff Frequencies 380

8.8 Frequency Response of Common-Collector BJT Amplifiers 384

Low Cutoff Frequencies 385

High Cutoff Frequencies 386

8.9 Frequency Response of Common-Base BJT Amplifiers 388

Low Cutoff Frequencies 388

High Cutoff Frequencies 390

8.10 Frequency Response of FET Amplifiers 391

Common-Source Amplifiers 392

Common-Drain Amplifiers 395

Common-Gate Amplifiers 397

8.11 Multistage Amplifiers 399

8.12 Frequency Response of Op-Amp Circuits 406

Frequency Response of Op-Amp Integrators 406

Frequency Response of Op-Amp Differentiators 408

8.13 Designing for Frequency Response 410

SUMMARY 410

REFERENCES 411

REVIEW QUESTIONS 411

PROBLEMS 411

CHAPTER 9 Active Filters 421

9.1 Introduction 421

9.2 Active versus Passive Filters 421

9.3 Types of Active Filters 422

9.4 The Biquadratic Function 424

9.5 Butterworth Filters 425

Butterworth Function for n=2 426

Butterworth Function for n=3 426

9.6 Low-Pass Filters 427

First-Order Low-Pass Filters 427

Second-Order Low-Pass Filters 429

Butterworth Low-Pass Filters 433

9.7 High-Pass Filters 436

First-Order High-Pass Filters 436

Second-Order High-Pass Filters 437

Butterworth High-Pass Filters 440

9.8 Band-Pass Filters 442

Wide Band-Pass Filters 443

Narrow Band-Pass Filters 445

9.9 Band-Reject Filters 448

Wide-Band-Reject Filters 448

Narrow-Band-Reject Filters 451

9.10 All-Pass Filters 453

9.11 Switched Capacitor Filters 454

Switched Capacitor Resistors 454

Switched Capacitor Integrators 456

Universal Switched Capacitor Filters 456

9.12 Filter Design Guidelines 458

SUMMARY 459

REFERENCFS 459

REVIEW QUESTIONS 459

PROBLEMS 460

CHAPTER 10 Feedback Amplifiers 463

10.1 Introduction 463

10.2 Feedback 464

10.3 Feedback Analysis 465

Gain Sensitivity 467

Feedback Factor Sensitivity 467

Frequency Response 468

Distortion 470

10.4 Feedback Topologies 472

10.5 Analysis of Feedback Amplifiers 474

10.6 Series-Shunt Feedback 476

Analysis of an Ideal Series-Shunt Feedback Network 477

Analysis of a Practical Series-Shunt Feedback Network 479

10.7 Series-Series Feedback 485

Analysis of an Ideal Series-Series Feedback Network 486

Analysis of a Practical Series-Series Feedback Network 487

10.8 Shunt-Shunt Feedback 493

Analysis of an Ideal Shunt-Shunt Feedback Network 494

Analysis of a Practical Shunt-Shunt Feedback Network 496

10.9 Shunt-Series Feedback 502

Analysis of an Ideal Shunt-Series Feedback Network 503

Analysis of a Practical Shunt-Series Feedback Network 503

10.10 Feedback Circuit Design 506

10.11 Stability Analysis 511

Poles and Instability 512

Nyquist Stability Criterion 514

Relative Stability 516

Effects of Phase Margin 517

Stability Using Bode Plots 518

10.12 Compensation Techniques 521

Addition of a Dominant Pole 521

Changing the Dominant Pole 523

Miller Compensation and Pole Splitting 524

Modification of the Feedback Path 526

SUMMARY 529

REFERENCES 530

REVIEW QUESTIONS 530

PROBLEMS 531

CHAPTER 11 Oscillators 541

11.1 Introduction 541

11.2 Principles of Oscillators 542

Frequency Stability 544

Amplitude Stability 545

11.3 Phase-Shift Oscillators 545

11.4 Quadrature Oscillators 549

111.5 Three-Phase Oscillators 551

11.6 Wien-Bridge Oscillators 552

11.7 Colpitts Oscillators 556

11.8 Hartley Oscillators 562

11.9 Crystal Oscillators 564

11.10 Active-Filter Tuned Oscillators 568

11.11 Design of Oscillators 571

SUMMARY 572

REFERENCES 572

REVIEW QUESTIONS 572

PROBLEMS 573

CHAPTER 12 Introduction to Digital Electronics 577

12.1 Introduction 577

12.2 Logic States 577

12.3 Logic Gates 578

12.4 Performance Parameters of Logic Gates 580

Voltage Transfer Characteristic(VTC) 580

Noise Margins 581

Fan-Out and Fan-In 582

Propagation Delay 584

Power Dissipation 585

Delay-Power Product 587

12.5 NMOS Inverters 588

NMOS Inverter with Enhancement Load 588

NMOS Inverter with Depletion Load 595

Comparison of NMOS Inverters 601

12.6 NMOS Logic Circuits 602

NMOS Transmission Gates 602

NMOS NOR Gates 602

NMOS NAND Gates 603

12.7 CMOS Inverters 603

12.8 CMOS Logic Circuits 608

CMOS Transmission Gates 608

CMOS NOR and NAND Gates 610

CMOS Families 611

12.9 Comparison of CMOS and NMOS Gates 611

12.10 BJT Inverters 612

Voltage Transfer Characteristic(VTC) 612

Switching Characteristics 613

12.11 Transistor-Transistor Logic(TTL) Gates 617

Standard TTL Gates 618

High-Speed TTL NAND Gates 624

Schottky TTL NAND Gates 628

12.12 Emitter-Coupled Logic(ECL)OR/NOR Gates 630

12.13 BiCMOS Inverters 636

Propagation Delay 637

12.14 Interfacing of Logic Gates 638

TTL Driving CMOS 639

CMOS Driving TTL 641

12.15 Comparison of Logic Gates 641

12.16 Design of Logic Circuits 643

SUMMARY 645

REFERENCES 645

REVIEW QUESTIONS 645

PROBLEMS 646

CHAPTER 13 Active Sources and Differential Amplifiers 655

13.1 Introduction 655

13.2 Internal Structure of Differential Amplifiers 656

13.3 BJT Current Sources 657

Basic Current Source 657

Modified Basic Current Source 659

Widlar Current Source 661

Cascode Current Source 664

Wilson Current Source 665

Multiple Current Sources 669

13.4 JFET Current Sources 670

13.5 MOSFET Current Sources 671

Basic Current Source 671

Multiple Current Sources 674

Cascode Current Source 674

Wilson Current Source 675

13.6 Design of Active Current Sources 676

13.7 Active Voltage Sources 676

Impedance Transformation 677

Negative Feedback 677

Negative Feedback and Impedance Transformation 678

13.8 Characteristics of Differential Amplifiers 679

13.9 BJT Differential Amplifiers 681

dc Transfer Characteristics 681

Small-Signal Analysis 683

13.10 BJT Differential Amplifiers with Active Loads 689

Small-Signal Analysis 690

Differential Amplifier with Modified Current Mirror 692

Cascode Differential Amplifier 693

13.11 JEET Differential Amplifiers 695

JEET Differential Pair 695

JEET Differential Pair with Active Load 702

13.12 MOS Differential Amplifiers 702

NMOS Differential Pair 703

MOS Differential Pair with Active Load 705

13.13 BiCMOS Differential Amplifiers 708

BJT versus CMOS Amplifiers 708

BiCMOS Amplifiers 709

Cascode BiCMOS Amplifiers 710

13.14 Frequency Response of Differential Amplifiers 713

13.15 Design of Differential Amplifiers 715

SUMMARY 715

REFERENCES 715

REVIEW QUESTIONS 715

PROBLEMS 716

CHAPTER 14 Power Amplifiers 723

14.1 Introduction 723

14.2 Classification of Power Amplifiers 724

14.3 Emitter Followers 725

Transfer Characteristic 726

Signal Waveforms 726

Output Power and Efficiency 726

14.4 Class A Amplifiers 729

Basic Common-Emitter Amplifier 729

Common-Emitter Amplifiers 732

Transformer-Coupled Load Amplifier 733

14.5 Class B Push-Pull Amplifiers 735

Complementary Push-Pull Amplifiers 735

Transformer-Coupled Load Push-Pull Amplifier 740

14.6 Complementary Class AB Push-Pull Amplifiers 744

Transfer Characteristie 744

Output Power and Efficiency 745

Biasing with Diodes 745

Biasing with Diodes and an Active Current Source 746

Biasing with a VBE Multiplier 749

14.7 Quasi-Complementary Class AB Push-Pull Amplifiers 752

14.8 Transformer-Coupled Class AB Push-Pull Amplifiers 753

14.9 Short-Circuit and Thermal Protection 754

Short-Circuit Protection 755

Thermal Protection 755

14.10 Power Op-Amps 756

IC Power Amplifiers 756

Bridge Amplifier 759

14.11 Thermal Considerations 760

Thermal Resistance 760

Heat Sink and Heat Flow 760

Power Dissipation Versus Temperature 761

14.12 Design of Power Amplifiers 763

SUMMARY 763

REFERENCES 763

REVIEW QUESTIONS 763

PROBLEMS 764

CHAPTER 15 Operational Amplifiers 767

15.1 Introduction 767

15.2 Internal Structure of Op-Amps 767

15.3 Op-Amp Parameters 768

Input Biasing Current 769

Input Offset Current 769

Input Offset Voltage and Thermal Voltage Drift 769

Common Mode Rejection Ratio 771

Input Resistance 772

Output Resistance 775

Frequency Response 775

Slew Rate 778

15.4 JFET Op-Amps 779

JFET Op-Amp LH0022 780

JFET Op-Amp LF411 781

JFET Op-Amp LH0062 784

JFET Op-Amp LH0032 785

15.5 CMOS Op-Amps 787

CMOS Op-Amp MC14573 787

CMOS Op-Amp TLC1078 790

15.6 BiCMOS Op-Amps 792

BiCMOS Op-Amp CA3130 792

BiCMOS Op-Amp CA3140 793

15.7 BJT Op-Amps 795

BJT Op-Amp LM124 795

BJT Op-Amp LM741 796

15.8 Analysis of the LM741 Op-Amp 798

dc Analysis 798

Small-Signal ac Analysis 803

Analysis of Frequency Response 811

Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit 812

15.9 Design of Op-Amps 812

SUMMARY 813

REFERENCES 813

REVIEW QUESTIONS 814

PROBLEMS 814

CHAPTER 16 Integrated Analog Circuits and Appplications 817

16.1 Introduction 817

16.2 Comparators 817

Comparators versus Op-Amps 818

Output-Side Connection 818

Threshold Comparators 819

16.3 Zero-Crossing Detectors 821

16.4 Schmitt Triggers 822

Inverting Schmitt Trigger 822

Noninverting Schmitt Trigger 825

Schmitt Trigger with Reference Voltage 826

Effects of Hysteresis on the Output Voltage 827

16.5 Square-Wave Generators 829

16.6 Triangular-Wave Generators 833

16.7 Sawtooth-Wave Generators 836

16.8 Voltage-Controlled Oscillators 839

Charging Mode 840

Discharging Mode 840

Circuit Implementation 840

The NE/SE-566 VCO 842

16.9 The 555 Timer 844

Functional Block Diagram 844

Monostable Multivibrator 845

Applications of Monostable Multivibrators 847

Astable Multivibrator 849

Applications of Astable Multivibrators 851

16.10 Phase-Lock Loops 855

Phase Detector 856

Integrated Circuit PLL 857

Applications of the 565 PLL 859

16.11 Voltage-to-Frequency and Frequency-to-Voltage Converters 862

V/F Converter 863

F/V Converter 867

16.12 Sample-and-Hold Circuits 870

Sample-and-Hold Op-Amp Circuits 871

Sample-and-Hold ICs 872

16.13 Digital-to-Analog Converters 873

Weighted-Resistor D/A Converter 873

R-2R Ladder Network D/A Converter 874

IC D/A Converters 876

16.14 Analog-to-Digital Converters 879

Successive Approximation A/D Converter 879

IC A/D Converters 881

16.15 Circuit Design Using Analog ICS 883

SUMMARY 883

REFERENCES 883

REVIEW QUESTIONS 884

PROBLEMS 885

APPENDIXES 887

Appendix A:Introduction to PSpice 887

Appendix B:Review of Basic Circuits 913

Appendix C:Low-Frequency Hybrid BJT Model 953

Appendix D:Ebers-Moll Model of Bipolar Junction Transistors 957

Appendix E:Passive Components 963

Appendix F:Design Problems 969

Answers to Selected Exercises 971

Index 977

About the Author 991