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CHAPTER 1

SOME REMARKS ABOUT THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF WRITING 1

The Meaning of Composition 1

CONTENTS 1

CHAPTER 2

Why Do We Write? 2

Why We Often Don't Write Well? 3

CHAPTER 3

CHAPTER 4

CHAPTER 5

CHAPTER 6

What Are the Accepted Principles of Composition? 6

Nine Steps in Good Composition Work 7

Principles According to Usage 10

The Importance of Making Outlines 12

Rules for Outlines 12

GENERAL PLANS FOR COMPOSITIONS ON DE-SCRIPTION 16

Description 17

1．The Elephant 19

2．A Walk along the Seashore 21

3．An Old House 23

1．Birds 25

Some Descriptive Compositions to be An-alyzed by Students 25

2．Pleasures of the Country 26

3．Parts of a Plant 27

4．The Mosquito 28

Descriptive Compositions for Students to Complete 30

1．The Fox 31

2．Railways 31

3．The Candles 32

4．Postman 33

5．The Life of a Farmer 34

6．The Wagon and Its Crew 35

7．Matthias the King 36

8．Norcombe Hill at Night 38

9．Sir Roger De Coverely in Church 40

10．Our Country Life 42

2．The Rain-Fall 44

Outlines for Descriptive Compositions 44

1．The Spring Season 44

3．The Horse 44

4．The Sheep 45

6．The Water 45

5．The Air We Breathe 45

9．Airships 46

8．The Great Wall of China 46

7．The Snow Mountain 46

10．The Football Game 47

Subjects for Compositions 47

1．Keeping One's Clothes in Order 47

2．Scenes in a School Library 48

3．A Department Store 48

4．The Sights of a Wharf 48

5．My Ideal Garden 48

6．Spring Time on the Campus 48

8．The Pedestrian and the Automobile Rider 49

10．Social Life in a Big Town 49

7．The Theatre in My Home Town 49

9．The Freshman in the College(or High School) 49

GENERAL PLANS FOR COMPOSITIONS ON NAR-RATION 50

Narration 51

The Method of Narration 52

1．A Journey by Rail 53

2．Sir Napier's Campaign in Upper Scinde 55

Description in Narration 56

A Warning in the Use of Description 58

1．A Sailor's Life 59

Narrative Compositions to be Analyzed by Students 59

2．Where to Spend a Holiday 60

3．A Fire 61

4．The Battle of Waterloo 62

Narrative Compositions for Students to Complete 64

1．Going through a Coal Mine 64

2．The Story of the Paper 65

3．On Being a Policeman 66

4．The English Lark 67

5．Sojourn in Saloma 68

6．Harold Skimpole 69

7．A Longing for the Night 70

8．Baby Sylvester 72

9．An Adventure with a Tiger 73

10．A Collision at Sea 74

1．My Visitors 75

Outlines for Narrative Compositions 75

3．Pleasures of the Country 76

2．Lakes in China 76

4．Different Methods of Lighting 77

5．A Walk in the Country 77

6．My Holiday Periods 77

8．A Typical Chinese Hero 78

7．Catching a Thief at Night 78

9．Chinese Birds 79

10．My Daily Routine 79

Subjects for Compositions 79

4．The Moving Picture in the City 80

7．The Westerner in the East 80

6．At a Wedding Ceremony 80

5．My Experience in Riding a Horse 80

3．The Horse Race 80

2．A Street Parade 80

1．Running a Book-Store 80

8．Chinese Literature 81

9．Going on a Journey by Rickshaw 81

10．Inviting a Company of Guests 81

GENERAL PLANS FOR COMPOSITIONS ON EX-POSITION 82

Exposition 83

What Exposition Is 84

Uses of Exposition 85

The Objects of Exposition 85

Suggested Methods of Exposition 87

1．The Oak Tree 88

2．Making an Ant's Nest 89

Some Expository Compositions to be An-alyzed by Students 91

1．The Forces of Nature 91

2．The Lungs 92

3．Two Classes of Books 93

4．Creative Education 94

Expository Compositions for Students to Complete 96

1．Winds 96

2．The Food We Eat(flesh) 97

3．Fresh Vegetables 98

4．The Right Use of Money 99

5．The Principle of the Steam-Engine 100

6．The Value of Humour 102

7．The Circulation of the Blood in Veins 103

8．The Story of the Silkworm 104

9．Little Things 106

Outlines for Expository Compositions 107

1．On Wars 107

2．The Value of Politeness 108

3．The Earthenware 108

4．Human Kindness to Animals 109

5．Honesty among Students 109

6．The Value of College Education 109

7．How my Health is Improved 110

9．Learning a Foreign Language 110

8．How to Earn Money 110

3．The Poverty Problem in China 111

Subjects for Compositions 111

10．Secret Societies in High School 111

1．My Experience as a Student 111

2．The Future Outlook of Chinese Women 111

9．Following the Fashions 112

10．The Influence of the Chinese Tea-shops 112

4．The Political Condition in China 112

8．The Conservation of Forests in China 112

7．The Influence of Chinese Theatres on People 112

6．The Development of Chinese In-dustries 112

5．Is the Western Learning Doing China Good? 112

GENERAL PLANS FOR COMPOSITIONS on ARGU-MENTATION 113

What Argumentation Is for 114

Argumentation 114

The Uses of Argumentation 115

The Requisites of Argumentation 116

Argumentation and Persuasion 116

The Principles of Persuasion 117

How It Is Done 117

Examples of Induction and Deduction 119

1．How Daniel Webster Found J.Knapp was Guilty 119

2．Theology in University 121

1．King George Ⅲ and America 122

Some Argumentative Compositions for Students to Analyze 122

2．Cultivation of the Intellect 123

3．What to Do with the American Colonies 124

4．Nation's Responsibility about People's Education 125

Argumentative Compositions for Students to Complete 125

1．The Future of Our Country 126

2．Law and Order are the Basis of All True Freedom 127

3．On Conviction of High Treason 129

4．A Vindication 130

5．Hero-Worship 132

6．The Liberty of the Press 133

7．Liberty of the Individual 134

8．What Has America Done 135

9．Direct and Indirect Taxation 136

10．The Question of Copyright 138

Outlines For Argumentative Compositions 139

1．The Intelligence of Animals 139

2．The Bad Influence of Strikes 139

3．Abolishment of Capital Punishment 140

4．Kingship in Modern States 140

5．Some Dangers of Party Government 141

6．Profit Sharing as a Cure for Labor Troubles 141

9．The Optimist's View of the World 142

8．Trade Unions under Proper Manage-ment 142

7．Getting Rich by Honest Methods 142

10．Proper Aims of Municipal Tramways 143

Subjects for Compositions 143

1．The Value of an Official Rank 144

2．The Question of Smoking by Youth in China 144

3．The Family Ties in China 144

4．On Getting up Early 144

5．How a Girl May Earn Money 144

6．The Uses of Old Books 144

7．The Problem of Child Labor 144

10．The Value of Co-Education 145

9．The Abandoned Farms 145

8．The High Cost of Living 145

SOME STUDIES ON ESSAY WRITING 146

1．Storing Information 146

2．The Value of Imagination 150

3．The Use of Illustrations 154

4．The Importance of Style 157

5．The Familiar Essay 161

Familiar Essays 164

(1)Born out of Time 164

(2)The Wisdom of Foolishness 168

(3)The Lier in Bed 171

(4)Fishes'Faces 176

(5)Interest in the Uninteresting 179