Practical Orthodontics Eighth EditionPDF电子书下载

CHAPTER 1 ORTHODONTICS 13

CHAPTER 2 HISTORICAL RESUME OF THE EVOLUTION AND GROWTH OF ORTHODONTICS＆(BY BERNHARD WOLF WEINBERGER) 37

Introduction 37

Origin of the Word＂Orthodontics＂；the Terms Used to Designate It，and Their Definitions 40

Facial Expression as Influenced by the Teeth 43

Observations on Occlusion 45

Causes of Malocclusion 48

Classification of Malocclusion 51

Means Employed in Treatment of Malocclusion 72

Summary 84

Consideration of Orthodontic Progress 86

Consideration of Modern Orthodontics From the Period of Specialization 87

CHAPTER 3 OCCLUSION OF THE TEETH 92

Static，Dynamic Occlusion，Physiologic Rest Position，Centric Occlusion 95

First Stage：The Occlusion of the Deciduous Teeth After Their Complete Eruption 109

Second Stage：Changes That Occur in the Occlusion Previous to the Eruption of the Permanent Incisors and First Permanent Molars，and After the Loss of the Deciduous Canines，First and Second Deciduous Molars 111

Third Stage：The Occlusion of the Permanent Teeth of a Young Adult 114

Fourth Stage：The Changes That Occur in the Adult Occlusion as the Result of Wear 118

Force of the Surface Contact 119

Muscular Activity 122

Atmospheric Balance 126

Overbite 129

CHAPTER 4 MALOCCLUSION 134

Malpositions of the Teeth 134

The Relation of the Dental Arches 135

Neutroclusion，or Class I 143

Distoclusion，or Class II 145

Mesioclusion，or Class III 146

Classification of Malocclusion 148

Open Bite，Edge-to-Edge Bite，Overbite 148

Malposition of the Mandible，and Malformation of the Jaws and Processes，Resulting in Facial Disharmony and Deformity 152

Malocclusion and Facial Form 158

CHAPTER 5 ETIOLOGY OF MALOCCLUSION 176

The Time the Causative Factors Occur 177

Heredity 178

Congenital Causes 180

Acquired Causes 185

Early Loss of Deciduous Teeth 185

Tardy Eruption of the Permanent Teeth 187

Early Loss of Permanent Teeth 188

Improper Tooth Form Restoration 191

Loss of the Mesiodistal Diameter of the Teeth 192

Prolonged Retention of Deciduous Teeth 192

Submerged Molars 193

Alveolar Deficiency 196

Disorderly Eruption of Permanent Teeth 196

Transposed Teeth 196

Malformed Teeth 197

Nest of Miniature Teeth 197

Cysts 198

Deflected Canines 198

Lack of Spacing 199

Habits 199

Accidents 204

Mouth Breathing，Nasopharynx 205

Muscular Activity 211

General Causes of a Nonspecific Nature (Disease，Pathology，Nutrition，Physiologic) 211

Measles 212

Syphilis 212

Rickets 212

Tuberculosis 213

Diabetes 213

Epilepsy 214

Faulty Development of the Child and Diet 214

CHAPTER 6 DIAGNOSIS 222

The Dentist，the Physician，and the Written Record 223

Impressions and Denture Reproductions 225

Procedure for Taking Impressions and Making Models 228

Materials for Impression 228

Trimming the Mandibular Model 231

Trimming the Maxillary Model 232

Duplicating Orthodontic Models 233

Classification 233

Occlusal Relations 234

Arch Predetermination 236

Photography 241

Color Photography 246

Facial Casts 247

Anthropometry 247

Roentgen-Ray Examination 252

Equipment for Dark Room 257

Technique for Roentgen-Ray Examination 257

Radiographic Profiles 262

Cephalometry 267

Gnathostatics and Photostatics 277

CHAPTER 7 MEASUREMENT OF DENTOFACIAL CHANGES IN RELATION TO THE CRANIUM＆(BY B．HOLLY BROADBENT) 285

Growth and Development 285

Standards of Measurement 286

Roentgenographic Cephalometer 289

Technique of Using Cephalometer 289

Adjusting Patient＇s Head to Cephalometer 292

Models With Cephalometer 295

Developmental Growth Patterns 297

Bolton-Nasion Plane 298

Normal Growth 298

Abnormal Development and Malocclusion 303

CHAPTER 8 EXTRACTION IN ITS RELATION TO ORTHODONTIC DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT 307

Extraction of Deciduous Teeth 321

Serial Extraction 322

Incisor Extraction 323

Cuspid or Canine Extraction 324

Premolar or Bicuspid Extraction 324

First Permanent Molar Extraction 325

Second Molar Extraction 326

Third Molar Extraction 330

Unerupted or＂Impacted＂Teeth 331

CHAPTER 9 TISSUE CHANGES INCIDENT TO ORTHODONTIC TOOTH MOVEMENT 334

Tipping Movement；Transformation of Bone 335

Bone Changes in Orthodontic Elongation and Depression of Teeth 339

Bone Changes During the Period of Retention 340

Position of Fulcrum 341

Results of Excessive Force 342

Continuous Versus Intermittent Forces 343

The Value of Experiments on Man 345

Root Resorption 346

Changes in the Mesiodistal Relations of the Jaws 349

Influence of Orthodontic Movement of Deciduous Teeth Upon the Germs of the Permanent Teeth 350

Roentgenographic Interpretation of Bone Changes in Orthodontic Tooth Movement 350

CHAPTER 10 THE APPROACH TO TREATMENT 351

Preventive，Interceptive，or Prophylactic Orthodontics 351

Early Treatment 352

Observation of Cases 352

The Nervous Child 353

The Problem Child 353

The Anxious Parents 354

Deviation From Normal 354

Favorable Periods for Treatment 354

Immediate Treatment or Observation？ 355

Open-Bite 356

Caries 357

Pathologic Oral Conditions 358

Adult Malocclusion 358

Root Resorption 358

Crowded Mandibular Incisors 359

CHAPTER 11 METHODS AND AIDS TO TREATMENT 361

Types of Force 362

Types of Treatment 364

Types of Tooth Movement 365

Nonmechanical Aids 369

Occlusal Equilibration 370

Mechanical Aids 370

Bands 374

Tubes 375

Labial Arch 376

Lingual Arch 377

Spring Wires 377

Bite Plate 377

Ligatures 378

Elastics 380

Retention Appliances 381

Attachment of the Parts 381

Soldering 381

Materials 383

Precious Metals 383

Stainless Steel 386

Welding 388

CHAPTER 12 MYOFUNCTIONAL TREATMENT OF MALOCCLUSION＆(BY ALFRED PAUL ROGERS) 389

General Considerations 389

The Malnourished Child 390

Treatment of Neutroclusion 390

Masseter-Temporal Exercise 391

Treatment of Distoclusion 392

Pterygoid Exercise 393

Hawley Retainer 393

Treatment of Mesioclusion 394

Tongue Exercise 395

General Tonic Exercise 395

Orbicularis Oris Exercise 395

CHAPTER 13 MECHANISTIC TREATMENT OF MALOCCLUSION OF THE TEETH 397

Appliances 397

Requirements 398

Efficiency 398

Durability 398

Cleanliness and Ease of Manipulation 399

Inconspicuousness 399

Types of Appliances 400

Fixed 400

Fixed Removable 400

Removable 404

Removable Plate 405

Vulcanite or Acrylic Retained 407

Anchorage 407

Intraoral Anchorage 408

Intramaxillary Anchorage 409

Intermaxillary Anchorage 413

Extraoral Anchorage 414

CHAPTER 14 ORTHODONTIC BANDS＆(BY EARL W．SWINEHART) 417

Nomenclature 417

Plain Anchor Bands 418

General Principles 418

Band Material 419

Construction of Plain Anchor Bands 420

Indirect Anchor Band Techniques 421

Making the Model 421

Indirect Band Fitting by the Preforming Method 421

Indirect Fitting by the Pinch Method 422

Direct Plain Anchor Band Technique 424

Method A．Force-Driven Bands 424

Size and Gradation of Bands 425

Making Cylinders in the Office Laboratory 425

Molar Band Adaptation 430

Test for Safety and Strength 433

Psychologic Reaction 433

Accuracy of Seating 434

Conservation of Time 434

Direct Pinch-Joint Anchor Band Technique 435

Soldering of Pinch-Joint Anchor Bands 438

Adjusting the Pinched and Soldered Band to the Tooth 438

Attachment Band Technique 439

Location on the Teeth 439

Forming the Bands 439

Attachments 441

Attaching Half-Round Tubes to Anchor Bands 441

Attaching Buccal Tubes to Maxillary Anchor Bands 442

Attaching Buccal Tubes to Mandibular Anchor Bands 443

Soldering Molar Buccal Tubes in Multiple Attachment Band Techniques 444

Cementing Anchor Bands 445

Removal of Plain Bands 446

Anchor Clasps for Removable Appliances 447

Forming the Clasps 448

CHAPTER 15 THE LABIAL ARCH 450

Modifications of Labial Arch 450

Adjustment of Simple Labial Arch 452

Labial Arch With Coil and Auxiliary Springs 454

High Labial Arch 457

Pin and Tube 459

Half-Round Pin and Tube 460

Ribbon Arch and Bracket Bands 461

McCoy Open Tube 464

The Twin-Wire Appliance 464

The Universal Appliance 469

CHAPTER 16 THE EDGEWISE ARCH MECHANISM＆(BY CHESTER F．WRIGHT) 472

The Bracket Principle 473

The Ideal Arch 474

Measuring for the Maxillary Arch 475

Measuring for the Mandibular Arch 477

Marking and Forming the Arch 477

Forming the Ideal Arch 478

Modifying the Ideal Arch for Type 479

Manipulation 480

Mass Movement 483

Second Order Bends 485

Torque 487

CHAPTER 17 THE LINGUAL ARCH AND THE REMOVABLE LINGUAL ARCH 490

The Lingual Arch 490

The Removable Lingual Arch 490

Materials 493

Position of Lingual Tubes 493

Breakage of Arch 493

Technique of Making Arch 494

Auxiliary Spring 496

Adjusting the Arch 499

Loop in Lingual Arch 502

Position of Mandibular Lingual Arch 503

Position of Maxillary Lingual Arch 503

Labial Auxiliary Wire 504

Attachment of Bite Plates and Guide Planes 505

Lock for Lingual Arch 505

The Coil Spring 505

CHAPTER 18 TREATMENT OF MALOCCLUSION 513

Neutroclusion，or Class I (Angle) 513

Maxillary Incisors in Linguoversion 513

Protruding Maxillary Incisors 514

Mesial Posterior Teeth 516

Labial，Lingual Canines；Bunched or Crowded Incisors 516

Rotation of Incisors 518

Crowded Mandibular Incisors，Root Movement 518

Expansion，Widening，or Enlargement of the Arches 519

Missing Incisors 524

Missing Canines 526

Missing Premolars 526

Missing Molars 527

Underdeveloped Arches 529

Unerupted Teeth 531

Symmetry of the Arch 532

Distoclusion，or Class II 532

Bilateral Distoclusion With Labioversion of the Maxillary Incisors (Class II，Division 1) 532

Unilateral Distoclusion With Labioversion of the Anterior Teeth (Class II，Division 1，Subdivision) 546

Bilateral Distoclusion With Retruding Anterior Teeth (Class II，Division 2) 546

Unilateral Distoclusion With Retruding Teeth (Class II，Division 2，Subdivision) 546

Unilateral Distoclusion With Retruding Teeth (Class II，Division 2，Subdivision) 549

Mesioclusion of the Maxillary Teeth 549

Bilateral Mesioclusion，or Class III 554

Bilateral Mesioclusion of the Mandibular Arch 554

Unilateral Mesioclusion of the Mandibular Arch (Class III，Subdivision) 558

CHAPTER 19 TREATMENT OF MALOCCLUSION (Continued) 561

Correcting the Lingual Position of a Maxillary Central Incisor 561

Correcting the Lingual Position of a Maxillary Lateral Incisor 561

Correcting the Lingual Position of a Maxillary Canine 563

Closure of Excessive Spacing Between Maxillary Central and Lateral Incisors 563

Closure of Spaces for Missing Lateral Incisors 565

Labial or Lingual Movement of the Anterior Teeth (Removable Plates) 568

Treatment of Malocclusion Caused by a Supernumerary Tooth 571

Unerupted Teeth 572

Surgical Removal of Frenum 575

Habits 578

Root Movement 586

Maintenance of Space for Unerupted Teeth and Maintenance of Space Created by the Loss of Permanent Teeth，Maintenance of Function and the Restoration of Function 587

Buccal or Lingual Movement of First Molars and Other Posterior Teeth 594

Closure of Spaces Created by Missing Posterior Teeth 596

Rotation of Teeth 598

Intermaxillary Elastics 601

Edge-to-Edge Bite 604

Prosthetics and Ceramics in Orthodontics 604

Injured Teeth 606

Fractures of the Maxilla and the Mandible 608

CHAPTER 20 RETENTION 612

Natural Aids 613

Cusp Guidance，Size，Form，and Number of Teeth 613

Harmony in Size and Relation of the Arches 614

Muscular Pressure 616

Approximal Contact 617

Quantity and Quality of the Alveolar Process 619

Condylar Relation 620

Cellular Activity 621

Atmospheric Pressure 622

Equilibration of Occlusion and Spot Grinding 622

Mechanical Aids 622

Fixed Retention 624

Removable Retention 625

CHAPTER 21 PLASTIC SURGERY OF THE JAWS＆(BY EDWARD A．KITLOWSKI) 638

Preparation for Operation 638

Deformities of the Bones of the Jaws 639

Deformities of the Maxilla 639

Posterior Displacement of the Premaxilla 639

Lack of Development of the Maxilla 639

Maxillary Prognathism 640

Deformitics of the Mandible 640

Retraction or Posterior Displacement 640

Cartilage Transplant 644

Lack of Development 645

Open-Bite 645

Protrusion of the Mandible 645

Atypical Deformities 650

Malunion of Fractures 651

Flat Angle 651

Delayed Union 651

Nonunion 652

Loss of Bone Substance；Unilateral Shortening of the Mandible 652

Bone Grafting for Unilateral Shortening of the Mandible 655

Deformities of the Soft Parts 657

Deformities of Bone and Soft Parts 658

Deformities Due to Injuries 658

Clefts of the Lip and Palate 659

Closure of the Lip 660

Closure of the Palate 660

Secondary Defects After Operations for Clefts of the Lip and Palate 662

CHAPTER 22 PRACTICE MANAGEMENT 664