MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING:AN INTRODUCTION FIFTH EDITIONPDF电子书下载

1.Introduction 1

Learning Objectives 2

1.1 Historical Perspective 2

1.2 Materials Science and Engineering 2

1.3 Why Study Materials Science and Engineering？ 4

1.4 Classification of Materials 5

1.5 Advanced Materials 6

1.6 Modern Materials’Needs 6

References 7

2.Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding 9

Learning Objectives 10

2.1 Introduction 10

ATOMIC STRUCTURE 10

2.2 Fundamental Concepts 10

2.3 Electrons in Atoms 11

2.4 The Periodic Table 17

ATOMIC BONDING IN SOLIDS 18

2.5 Bonding Forces and Energies 18

2.6 Primary Interatomic Bonds 20

2.7 Secondary Bonding or Van der Waals Bonding 24

2.8 Molecules 26

Summary 27

Important Terms and Concepts 27

References 28

Questions and Problems 28

3.The Structure of Crystalline Solids 30

Learning Objectives 31

3.1 Introduction 31

CRYSTAL STRUCTURES 31

3.2 Fundamental Concepts 31

3.3 Unit Cells 32

3.4 Metallic Crystal Structures 33

3.5 Density Computations 37

3.6 Polymorphism and Allotropy 37

3.7 Crystal Systems 38

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DIRECTIONS AND PLANES 40

3.8 Crystallographic Directions 40

3.9 Crystallographic Planes 43

3.10 Linear and Planar Atomic Densities 47

3.11 Close-Packed Crystal Structures 49

CRYSTALLINE AND NONCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS 51

3.12 Single Crystals 51

3.13 Polycrystalline Materials 51

3.14 Anisotropy 52

3.15 X-Ray Diffraction：Determination of Crystal Structures 53

3.16 Noncrystalline Solids 58

Summary 59

Important Terms and Concepts 59

References 60

Questions and Problems 60

4.Imperfections in Solids 66

Learning Objectives 67

4.1 Introduction 67

POINT DEFECTS 67

4.2 Vacancies and Self-Interstitials 67

4.3 Impurities in Solids 69

MISCELLANEOUS IMPERFECTIONS 74

4.4 Dislocations—Linear Defects 74

4.5 Interfacial Defects 78

4.6 Bulk or Volume Defects 81

4.7 Atomic Vibrations 81MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION 81

4.8 General 81

4.9 Microscopy 82

4.10 Grain Size Determination 86

Summary 87

Important Terms and Concepts 88

References 88

Questions and Problems 88

5.Diffusion 92

Learning Objectives 93

5.1 Introduction 93

5.2 Diffusion Mechanisms 94

5.3 Steady-State Diffusion 96

5.4 Nonsteady-State Diffusion 98

5.5 Factors That Influence Diffusion 101

5.6 Other Diffusion Paths 106

Summary 107

Important Terms and Concepts 107

References 107

Questions and Problems 107

6.Mechanical Properties of Metals 112

Learning Objectives 113

6.1 Introduction 113

6.2 Concepts of Stress and Strain 114

ELASTIC DEFORMATION 118

6.3 Stress-Strain Behavior 118

6.4 Anelasticity 121

6.5 Elastic Properties of Materials 122

PLASTIC DEFORMATION 124

6.6 Tensile Properties 125

6.7 True Stress and Strain 131

6.8 Elastic Recovery During Plastic Deformation 134

6.9 Compressive，Shear，and Torsional Deformation 134

6.10 Hardness 134

6.11 Variability of Material Properties 140

6.12 Design/Safety Factors 142

Summary 144

Important Terms and Concepts 145

References 145

Questions and Problems 145

7.Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms 153

Learning Objectives 154

7.1 Introduction 154

DISLOCATIONS AND PLASTIC DEFORMATION 154

7.2 Basic Concepts 154

7.3 Characteristics of Dislocations 157

7.4 Slip Systems 158

7.5 Slip in Single Crystals 159

7.6 Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Materials 163

7.7 Deformation by Twinning 164

MECHANISMS OF STRENGTHENING IN METALS 166

7.8 Strengthening by Grain Size Reduction 166

7.9 Solid-Solution Strengthening 168

7.10 Strain Hardening 169

RECOVERY，RECRYSTALLIZATION，AND GRAIN GROWTH 172

7.11 Recovery 172

7.12 Recrystallization 173

7.13 Grain Growth 177

Summary 179

Important Terms and Concepts 179

References 180

Questions and Problems 180

8.Failure 184

Learning Objectives 185

8.1 Introduction 185

FRACTURE 185

8.2 Fundamentals of Fracture 185

8.3 Ductile Fracture 186

8.4 Brittle Fracture 188

8.5 Principles of Fracture Mechanics 191

8.6 Impact Fracture Testing 204

FATIGUE 209

8.7 Cyclic Stresses 209

8.8 The S-N Curve 211

8.9 Crack Initiation and Propagation 213

8.10 Crack Propagation Rate 216

8.11 Factors That Affect Fatigue Life 222

8.12 Environmental Effects 224

CREEP 225

8.13 Generalized Creep Behavior 225

8.14 Stress and Temperature Effects 226

8.15 Data Extrapolation Methods 228

8.16 Alloys for High-Temperature Use 229

Summary 230

Important Terms and Concepts 232

References 233

Questions and Problems 233

9.Phase Diagrams 241

Learning Objectives 242

9.1 Introduction 242

DEFINITIONS AND BASIC CONCEPTS 242

9.2 Solubility Limit 243

9.3 Phases 243

9.4 Microstructure 244

9.5 Phase Equilibria 244

EQUILIBRIUM PHASE DIAGRAMS 245

9.6 Binary Isomorphous Systems 246

9.7 Binary Eutectic Systems 255

9.8 Equilibrium Diagrams Having 267

Intermediate Phases or Compounds 267

9.9 Eutectoid and Peritectic Reactions 269

9.10 Congruent Phase Transformations 270

9.11 Ceramic and Ternary Phase Diagrams 271

9.12 The Gibbs Phase Rule 272

THE IRON-CARBON SYSTEM 274

9.13 The Iron-Iron Carbide（Fe-Fe3C）Phase Diagram 274

9.14 Development of Microstructures in Iron-Carbon Alloys 277

9.15 The Influence of Other Alloying Elements 284

Summary 285

Important Terms and Concepts 286

References 286

Questions and Problems 287

10.Phase Transformations in Metals：Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties 294

Learning Objectives 295

10.1 Introduction 295

PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS 295

10.2 Basic Concepts 295

10.3 The Kinetics of Solid-State Reactions 296

10.4 Multiphase Transformations 297

MICROSTRUCTURAL AND PROPERTY CHANGES IN IRON-CARBON ALLOYS 298

10.5 Isothermal Transformation Diagrams 298

10.6 Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagrams 310

10.7 Mechanical Behavior of Iron-Carbon Alloys 314

10.8 Tempered Martensite 318

10.9 Review of Phase Transformations for Iron-Carbon Alloys 321

Summary 321

Important Terms and Concepts 322

References 322

Questions and Problems 323

11. Thermal Processing of Metal Alloys 328

Learning Objectives 329

11.1 Introduction 329

ANNEALING PROCESSES 329

11.2 Process Annealing 329

11.3 Stress Relief 330

11.4 Annealing of Ferrous Alloys 330

HEAT TREATMENT OF STEEL 331

11.5 Hardenability 332

11.6 Influence of Quenching Medium，Specimen Size，and Geometry 337

PRECIPITATION HARDENING 341

11.7 Heat Treatments 342

11.8 Mechanism of Hardening 344

11.9 Miscellaneous Considerations 346

Summary 347

Important Terms and Concepts 347

References 347

Questions and Problems 348

12.Metal Alloys 351

Learning Objectives 352

12.1 Introduction 352

FABRICATION OF METALS 352

12.2 Forming Operations 352

12.3 Casting 354

12.4 Miscellaneous Techniques 356

FERROUS ALLOYS 357

12.5 Steels 357

12.6 Cast Irons 363

NONFERROUS ALLOYS 369

12.7 Copper and Its Alloys 369

12.8 Aluminum and Its Alloys 371

12.9 Magnesium and Its Alloys 373

12.10 Titanium and Its Alloys 373

12.11 The Refractory Metals 374

12.12 The Superalloys 376

12.13 The Noble Metals 376

12.14 Miscellaneous Nonferrous Alloys 376

Summary 377

Important Terms and Concepts 378

References 378

Questions and Problems 378

13.Structures and Properties of Ceramics 381

Learning Objectives 382

13.1 Introduction 382

CERAMIC STRUCTURES 382

13.2 Crystal Structures 382

13.3 Silicate Ceramics 392

13.4 Carbon 397

13.5 Imperfections in Ceramics 400

13.6 Ceramic Phase Diagrams 403

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 406

13.7 Brittle Fracture of Ceramics 406

13.8 Stress-Strain Behavior 408

13.9 Mechanisms of Plastic Deformation 411

13.10 Miscellaneous Mechanical Considerations 412

Summary 414

Important Terms and Concepts 415

References 415

Questions and Problems 416

14.Applications and Processing of Ceramics 421

Learning Objectives 422

14.1 Introduction 422

GLASSES 423

14.2 Glass Properties 424

14.3 Glass Forming 425

14.4 Heat Treating Glasses 427

14.5 Glass-Ceramics 428

CLAY PRODUCTS 428

14.6 The Characteristics of Clay 429

14.7 Compositions of Clay Products 429

14.8 Fabrication Techniques 430

14.9 Drying and Firing 431

REFRACTORIES 433

14.10 Fireclay Refractories 434

14.11 Silica Refractories 434

14.12 Basic Refractories 435

14.13 Special Refractories 435

OTHER APPLICATIONS AND PROCESSING METHODS 435

14.14 Abrasives 435

14.15 Powder Pressing 436

14.16 Tape Casting 439

14.17 Cements 439

14.18 Advanced Ceramics 440

Summary 442

Important Terms and Concepts 443

References 443

Questions and Problems 443

15.Polymer Structures 446

Learning Objectives 447

15.1 Introduction 447

15.2 Hydrocarbon Molecules 447

15.3 Polymer Molecules 450

15.4 The Chemistry of Polymer Molecules 450

15.5 Molecular Weight 453

15.6 Molecular Shape 456

15.7 Molecular Structure 458

15.8 Molecular Configurations 459

15.9 Copolymers 462

15.10 Polymer Crystallinity 463

15.11 Polymer Crystals 466

Summary 468

Important Terms and Concepts 469

References 469

Questions and Problems 470

16.Characteristics，Applications，and Processing of Polymers 473

Learning Objectives 474

16.1 Introduction 474

MECHANICAL AND THERMOMECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS 474

16.2 Stress-Strain Behavior 474

16.3 Deformation of Semicrystalline Polymers 477

16.4 Factors that Influence the Mechanical 480

Properties of Polymers 480

16.5 Crystallization，Melting，and Glass Transition Phenomena 482

16.6 Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Polymers 487

16.7 Viscoelasticity 487

16.8 Deformation of Elastomers 491

16.9 Fracture of Polymers 493

16.10 Miscellaneous Characteristics 494

POLYMER APPLICATIONS AND PROCESSING 496

16.11 Polymerization 496

16.12 Polymer Additives 498

16.13 Polymer Types 499

16.14 Plastics 499

16.15 Elastomers 504

16.16 Fibers 506

16.17 Miscellaneous Applications 507

16.18 Advanced Polymeric Materials 508

Summary 512

Important Terms and Concepts 514

References 514

Questions and Problems 515

17.Composites 520

Learning Objectives 521

17.1 Introduction 521

PARTICLE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES 523

17.2 Large-Particle Composites 523

17.3 Dispersion-Strengthened Composites 527

FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES 528

17.4 Influence of Fiber Length 528

17.5 Influence of Fiber Orientation and Concentration 529

17.6 The Fiber Phase 538

17.7 The Matrix Phase 538

17.8 Polymer-Matrix Composites 540

17.9 Metal-Matrix Composites 543

17.10 Ceramic-Matrix Composites 544

17.11 Carbon-Carbon Composites 546

17.12 Hybrid Composites 547

17.13 Processing of Fiber-Reinforced Composites 547

STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES 553

17.14 Laminar Composites 553

17.15 Sandwich Panels 553

Summary 554

Important Terms and Concepts 556

References 556

Questions and Problems 557

18.Corrosion and Degradation of Materials 562

Learning Objectives 563

18.1 Introduction 563

CORROSION OF METALS 563

18.2 Electrochemical Considerations 564

18.3 Corrosion Rates 571

18.4 Prediction of Corrosion Rates 572

18.5 Passivity 579

18.6 Environmental Effects 580

18.7 Forms of Corrosion 581

18.8 Corrosion Environments 589

18.9 Corrosion Prevention 590

18.10 Oxidation 592

CORROSION OF CERAMIC MATERIALS 595

DEGRADATION OF POLYMERS 596

18.11 Swelling and Dissolution 597

18.12 Bond Rupture 598

18.13 Weathering 599

Summary 599

Important Terms and Concepts 600

References 601

Questions and Problems 601

19.Electrical Properties 605

Learning Objectives 606

19.1 Introduction 606

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION 606

19.2 Ohm’s Law 606

19.3 Electrical Conductivity 607

19.4 Electronic and Ionic Conduction 608

19.5 Energy Band Structures in Solids 608

19.6 Conduction in Terms of Band and Atomic Bonding Models 611

19.7 Electron Mobility 612

19.8 Electrical Resistivity of Metals 613

19.9 Electrical Characteristics of Commercial Alloys 616

SEMICONDUCTIVITY 616

19.10 Intrinsic Semiconduction 617

19.11 Extrinsic Semiconduction 619

19.12 The Temperature Variation of Conductivity and Carrier Concentration 623

19.13 The Hall Effect 628

19.14 Semiconductor Devices 630

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION IN IONIC CERAMICS AND IN POLYMERs 637

19.15 Conduction in Ionic Materials 637

19.16 Electrical Properties of Polymers 638

DIELECTRIC BEHAVIOR 639

19.17 Capacitance 639

19.18 Field Vectors and Polarization 641

19.19 Types of Polarization 644

19.20 Frequency Dependence of the Dielectric Constant 646

19.21 Dielectric Strength 647

19.22 Dielectric Materials 647

OTHER ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS 647

19.23 Ferroelectricity 647

19.24 Piezoelectricity 648

Summary 649

Important Terms and Concepts 650

References 651

Questions and Problems 651

20.Thermal Properties 658

Learning Objectives 659

20.1 Introduction 659

20.2 Heat Capacity 659

20.3 Thermal Expansion 661

20.4 Thermal Conductivity 664

20.5 Thermal Stresses 667

Summary 669

Important Terms and Concepts 670

References 670

Questions and Problems 670

21.Magnetic Properties 674

Learning Objectives 675

21.1 Introduction 675

21.2 Basic Concepts 675

21.3 Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism 679

21.4 Ferromagnetism 681

21.5 Antiferromagnetism and Ferrimagnetism 683

21.6 The Influence of Temperature on Magnetic Behavior 687

21.7 Domains and Hysteresis 688

21.8 Soft Magnetic Materials 691

21.9 Hard Magnetic Materials 692

21.10 Magnetic Storage 695

21.11 Superconductivity 698

Summary 701

Important Terms and Concepts 703

References 703

Questions and Problems 703

22.Optical Properties 707

Learning Objectives 708

22.1 Introduction 708

BASIC CONCEPTS 708

22.2 Electromagnetic Radiation 708

22.3 Light Interactions with Solids 710

22.4 Atomic and Electronic Interactions 711

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS 712

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NONMETALS 713

22.5 Refraction 713

22.6 Reflection 714

22.7 Absorption 715

22.8 Transmission 718

22.9 Color 718

22.10 Opacity and Translucency in Insulators 720

APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL PHENOMENA 721

22.11 Luminescence 721

22.12 Photoconductivity 722

22.13 Lasers 722

22.14 Optical Fibers in Communications 726

Summary 730

Important Terms and Concepts 731

References 731

Questions and Problems 731

23.Materials Selection and Design Considerations 734

Learning Objectives 735

23.1 Introduction 735

MATERIALS SELECTION FOR A TORSIONALLY STRESSED CYLINDRICAL SHAFT 735

23.2 Strength 736

23.3 Other Property Considerations and the Final Decision 741

AUTOMOBILE VALVE SPRING 742

23.4 Introduction 742

23.5 Automobile Valve Spring 743

ARTIFICIAL TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENT 749

23.6 Anatomy of the Hip Joint 749

23.7 Material Requirements 751

23.8 Materials Employed 753

THERMAL PROTECTION SYSTEM ON THE SPACE SHUTTLE ORBITEIR 755

23.9 Introduction 755

23.10 Thermal Protection System—Design Requirements 755

23.11 Thermal Protection System—Components 758

MATERIALS FOR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT PACKAGES 761

23.12 Introduction 761

23.13 Leadframe Design and Materials 763

23.14 Die Bonding 764

23.15 Wire Bonding 764

23.16 Package Encapsulation 768

23.17 Tape Automated Bonding 769

Summary 771

References 772

Questions and Problems 773

24.Economic，Environmental，and Societal Issues in Materials Science and Engineering 778

Learning Objectives 779

24.1 Introduction 779

ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS 779

24.2 Component Design 780

24.3 Materials 780

24.4 Manufacturing Techniques 780

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIETAL CONSIDERATIONS 781

24.5 Recycling Issues in Materials Science and Engineering 783

Summary 786

References 786

Appendix A The International System of Units（SI） 787

Appendix B Properties of Selected Engineering Materials 789

B.1 Density 789

B.2 Modulus of Elasticity 792

B.3 Poisson’s Ratio 796

B.4 Strength and Ductility 797

B.5 Plane Strain Fracture Toughness 802

B.6 Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 803

B.7 Thermal Conductivity 807

B.8 Specific Heat 810

B.9 Electrical Resistivity 812

B.10 Metal Alloy Compositions 815

Appendix C Costs and Relative Costs for Selected Engineering Materials 817

Appendix D Mer Structures for Common Polymers 823

Appendix E Glass Transition and Melting Temperatures for Common Polymeric Materials 827

Glossary 828

Answers to Selected Problems 843

Index 849