ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN BURMA 1951-1960PDF电子书下载

PART Ⅰ BACKGROUND 3

Chapter 1 Geography and Basic Resources 3

2 A Glimpse of the Pre-British Society and Economy 10

3 British Rule 17

4 Profile of the Economy Before World War Ⅱ 31

5 Independence and Economic Aspirations, Plans and Policies 56

PART Ⅱ THE EIGHT-YEAR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM 80

Introduction to Part Ⅱ 80

Chapter 6 The American Consultants and Their Preliminary Report 83

7 The Pyidawtha Conference 96

8 The K.T.A. Comprehensive Report: Economics, Policy and Administration 110

9 The K.T.A. Comprehensive Report: The Sector Programs 134

PART Ⅲ IMPLEMENTING THE PROGRAM IN A CHANGING ECONOMIC SETTING—AN OVERVIEW 153

Chapter 10 The Fight for a Feasible Rate of Program Implementa-tion —1953-54 153

11 The Fight for Economic Stability: The Foreign Exchange Side—1954-55 163

12 The Fight for Economic Stability: The Domestic Inflation Side — 1955-56 185

13 The Fight for Central Responsibility, Program Priorities and Better Performance —1956-57 217

14 Political Split, Crisis and Change—1957-58 237

15 Cleanup and Consolidation: The Military Regime—September 1958-March 1960 252

PART Ⅳ IMPLEMENTATION BY MAJOR SECTORS AND PROJECTS 269

Chapter 16 Implementation of the Agriculture and Irrigation Program 269

17 Implementation of the Program for State Manufacturing Industry 299

18 Implementation of Other Public Sector Programs 318

19 Implementation by the Private Sector 336

20 Outcomes and Impact of the Development Program 352

PART Ⅴ MAJOR PROBLEMS IN PROGRAM IMPLE-MENTATION 371

Chapter 21 The Problem of Defects in the Basic Plan 371

22 The Problem of Internal Security 382

23 Problems of Cultural Adaptation 388

24 Problems of Specialized Manpower 400

25 Problems of Finance 409

26 Problems of Annual Budgeting and Programing 432

27 Problems of Management in the Public Enterprises 448

28 Problems of Supervision and Coordination 465

29 Problems of Public Administration 477

30 Problems of Central Economic Policy 491

31 Problems of Foreign Aid 507

32 Problems of Technical Assistance 546

PART Ⅵ CONCLUSIONS AND APPRAISALS 565

Chapter 33 Significance of the Experience for Burma's Further Eco-nomic Development 565

34 Significance of the Burma Experience for Economic Development in Other Countries 584

35 Significance of the Burma Experience for U. S. and Western Aid Policy 605

APPENDICES 613

INDEX 663

APPENDICES 613

Ⅰ Prime Minister's Report to the People on National Economy,September 27, 1957 613

Ⅱ “Our Goal and Our Interim Programme,” Economic Policy Statement, 1953 634

Ⅲ Investment Policy Statement of the Council of Ministers,June 8, 1955 647

Ⅳ Text of the Union of Burma Investment Act, 1959 650

Ⅴ Membership of Important Working Economic Committees, as of 1955-56 653

Ⅵ Agenda of the Economic and Social Board, 1955-56 655

Ⅶ Robert R. Nathan Associates Field Staff in Burma,September 1951-February 1959 659

Ⅷ Selected Economic Indicators in Burma, 1938-39 to 1959-60 660

ILLUSTRATIONS(in back pocket) 33

1 Distribution of Workers by Major Census Classification, 1931 33

2 Percentage Distribution by Race of Male Earners Grouped by Selected Economic Functions, 1931 35

3 Income Data on Sample Basis, 1957 37

4 Urban Family Income, 1957 38

5 Agricultural Acreage and Production, 1936-37 to 1940-41 Average 41

6 Number of Factories and of Workers Employed, 1940 46

7 Foreign Trade Balance, 1901-41 49

8 Exports, 1938-39 49

9 Sea-Borne Export Trade with Principal Countries, 1938-39 50

10 Government Revenue and Expenditures, 1938-39 51

11 General Development Goals in 1950-51 Prices 112

12 Government and Private Capital Formation, 1953-54 to 1959-60 114

13 Governmental Receipts, by Source, Including Estimated Net Income of Governmental Enterprises, 1938-39 and 1951-52 122

14 Requirements for New Skilled Manpower, by Type of Worker,1953-59 （Cumulative） 130

15 K.T.A.- Planned Project Expenditures by Sector 135

16 K.T.A.- Planned Expenditures for Transportation and Communications 141

17 Foreign Exchange Transactions and Reserves, 1952-53 to 1959-60 165

18 Direction of Rice Exports, by Tonnage, 1954 through 1959-60 169

19 Direction of Rice Exports, by Value, 1954 through 1959-60 170

20 Proposed Imports in 1955-56, by Country and Economic Sector 188

21 Proposed Private Imports in 1955-56, by Commodity and Area of Origin 189

22 Proposed Private Imports from Barter Sources in 1955-56, by Commod-ity and Country of Origin 191

23 Import Program of the Civil Supplies Management Board, 1955-56 192

24 Consumer Price Index and Value of Imports, 1953-54, 1954-55 and 1955-56 198

25 Imports by Type of Commodity, 1953-54, 1954-55 and 1955-56 212

26 Imports by Major Category and Structure of Payments, 1953-54, 1954-55 and 1955-56 213

27 Consumer Price Index for a Worker's Family in Rangoon, 1953-54,1954-55 and 1955-56 213

28 Interim Consumer Price Index for Low-Income Households in Rangoon （Revised April 1958）, Selected Components, 1953 through 1958-59 214

29 Consumer Price Indexes in Rangoon, 1941-60 215

30 Government Capital Expenditures, 1952-53 to 1955-56 and Estimates for 1956-57 to 1959-60 as Presented in February 1957 by the Ministry for National Planning 221

31 Public Capital Expenditures for Agriculture and Irrigation, 1952-53 to 1959-60 270

32 Capital Expenditures for Agriculture and Irrigation, by Major Program Component, 1952-53 to 1955-56 271

33 Government Loans to Agriculturists, 1952-53 to 1959-60 292

34 Land Nationalization and Redistribution, 1953-54 to 1957-58 293

35 Public Capital Outlays in the Industrial Sector, 1952-53 to 1959-60 300

36 Public Capital Outlays in the Industrial Sector, by Major Category,1952-53 to 1959-60 301

37 Investment in Major State Manufacturing Plants （Exclusive of Working Capital）, 1952-53 to 1959-60 302

38 Selected Financial Data for Government Manufacturing Enterprises 313

39 Current Operating Surplus or Deficit, Selected State Manufacturing In-dustries, 1957-58 to 1960-61 314

40 The Teak Production Cycle, 1953-54 to 1956-57 321

41 Growth of Power Capacity, Generation and Consumption, 1951-52,1957-58 and 1959-60 328

42 Power Generation and Consumption in the Rangoon Electricity Supply Area, 1952, 1957-58 and 1959-60 329

43 Power Generation and Consumption in the Rest of Burma, 1951-52,1957-58 and 1959-60 329

44 Agricultural Production, Pre-war, 1951-52 and 1959-60 339

45 Paddy Yields per Acre, 1936-41 and 1951-52 to 1959-60 339

46 Crude Petroleum Production, 1939 and 1951 to 1959-60 341

47 Production of Petroleum Products, 1951-52 to 1959-60 341

48 Production of Selected Minerals, 1939 and 1952 to 1959-60 341

49 Percentage Distribution of Public and Private Imports, 1954-55 to 1959-60 343

50 Estimated Industrial Production, Employment and Number of Establish-ments, by Type of Industry and Product, 1953-54 and 1956-57 344

51 Cottage Industry: Percentage Increase from 1953-54 to 1956-57 in Num-ber of Establishments, Employment and Output, by Type of Product 346

52 Production and Employment in Manufacturing Establishments Employ-ing Ten or More Persons, 1953 and 1957 347

53 Value of Manufacturing Output, by Product, 1953 and 1957 348

54 Growth of Private Industrial Production, 1953-57 348

55 Public Capital Expenditures by Economic Sector, 1952-53 to 1959-60 353

56 Percentage Distribution of Public Capital Expenditures by Economic Sector, 1952-53 to 1959-60 354

57 Gross Domestic Product in 1947-48 Prices, 1938-39 to 1959-60 355

58 Eight-Year Development Plan, Major Economic Targets and Achieve-ments 357

59 Gross Capital Formation, Public and Private, 1949-50 to 1959-60 358

60 Gross and Net Capital Formation, 1949-50 to 1959-60 359

61 Programed and Actual Capital Formation, January 1952 to 1959-60 359

62 Public and Private Capital Formation, Programed and Actual, January1952 to 1959-60 361

63 Gross Capital Formation as Per Cent of Gross Domestic Product, Pro-gramed and Actual, 1952-53 to 1959-60 361

64 The Use of Resources, Pre-war and 1950s, a Percentage Distribution 361

65 Comparison of Selected Program Goals and Achievements 362

66 Health Facilities and Personnel, 1938-39, 1952 and 1959-60 365

67 Enrollment in State Schools, 1952 to 1959-60 366

68 Number of State Schools, 1952 to 1959-60 366

69 Rice Production, Exports, Proceeds and Prices, Selected Data, 1952-53 to 1959-60 372

70 The Union Government Budget, 1952-53 to 1959-60 413

71 Comprehensive Budget of the Public Sector, 1952-53 to 1959-60 414

72 Cash Consolidated Budget of the Union Government and Its Effect on the Privately Held Money Supply, 1953-54 to 1959-60 416

73 Resources Available for Public Capital Expenditures, 1952-53 to 1959-60 417

74 Financing of Public Capital Expenditures, 1952-53 to 1959-60 419

75 Union Government Budgetary Receipts, 1952-53 to 1959-60 422

76 Current Income and Expenditures of Larger State-Owned Boards,1956-57 426

77 The Union Government Budget, 1954-55 to 1959-60, Program and Actual 444

78 Comprehensive Budget of the Public Sector, 1954-55 to 1959-60, Pro-gram and Actual 445

79 Cash-Consolidated Budget of the Union Government and Its Effect on the Privately Held Money Supply, 1954-55 to 1959-60, Program and Actual 446

80 Selected Pay Scales in the Public Service, 1954 482

81 Chronological Highlights of the Foreign Aid Experience 508

82 Major Foreign Aid Agreements, 1951-60 510

83 Aid Commitments and Deliveries Through September 30, 1960 511

84 Chronology of U. S. Project Loan Agreements 529

85 Implementation of the ?25 Million U. S. Development Loan: Status of Projects as of September 30, 1960 531

86 Burma's Credit Position with the U.S.S.R., 1955-56 to 1959-60 539

87 Sources of Foreign Specialists Assisting the Government as of September 1957 548

88 Foreign Specialists Assisting the Government as of September 1957, by Field of Activity 550

89 Government Agencies Utilizing Services of Foreign Specialists, as of September 1957 551