分离过程原理：英文 影印本PDF电子书下载

Chapter 1 Separation Processes 1

1.1 Industrial Chemical Processes 1

1.2 Mechanism of Separation 5

1.3 Separation by Phase Addition or Creation 7

1.4 Separation by Barrier 14

1.5 Separation by Solid Agent 16

1.6 Separation by External Field or Gradient 18

1.7 Component Recoveries and Product Purities 19

1.8 Separation Power 22

1.9 Selection of Feasible Separation Processes 23

Summary 27

References 28

Exercises 28

Chapter 2 Thermodynamics of Separation Operations 31

2.1 Energy, Entropy, and Availability Balances 31

2.2 Phase Equilibria 36

Fugacities and Activity Coefficients 37

K-Values 38

2.3 Ideal Gas, Ideal Liquid Solution Model 42

2.4 Graphical Correlations of Thermodynamic Properties 47

2.5 Nonideal Thermodynamic Property Models 51

P-v-T Equation-of-State Models 54

Derived Thermodynamic Properties from P-v-T Models 58

2.6 Activity Coefficient Models for the Liquid Phase 63

Activity Coefficients from Gibbs Free Energy 63

Regular Solution Model 64

Chao-Seader Correlation 66

Nonideal Liquid Solutions 68

van Laar Equation 72

Margules Equations 72

Local Composition Concept and Wilson Equation 74

NRTL Equation 78

UNIQUAC Equation 79

UNIFAC Equation 80

Liquid-Liquid Equilibria 82

Summary 83

References 83

Exercises 84

Chapter 3 Mass Transfer and Diffusion 90

3.1 Steady-State Ordinary Molecular Diffusion 91

Fick s Law of Diffusion 92

Velocities in Mass Transfer 92

Equimolar Counterdiffusion 93

Unimolecular Diffusion 95

3.2 Diffusion Coefficients 99

Diffusivity in Gas Mixtures 99

Diffusivity in Liquid Mixtures 101

Diffusivity in Solids 109

Steady State 117

3.3 One-Dimensional Steady-State and Unsteady-State Molecular Diffusion 117

Unsteady State 118

3.4 Molecular Diffusion in Laminar Flow 126

Falling Liquid Film 127

Boundary-Layer Flow on a Flat Plate 133

Fully Developed Flow in a Straight, Circular Tube 136

3.5 Mass Transfer in Turbulent Flow 140

Reynolds Analogy 141

Chilton-Colburn Analogy 142

Prandtl Analogy 143

3.6 Models for Mass Transfer at a Fluid-Fluid Interface 144

Film Theory 145

Penetration Theory 146

Surface Renewal Theory 147

Film-Penetration Theory 149

3.7 Two-Film Theory and Overall Mass Transfer Coefficients 150

Gas-Liquid Case 150

Liquid-Liquid Case 153

Case of Large Driving Forces for Mass Transfer 154

Summary 157

References 158

Exercises 159

Chapter 4 Single Equilibrium Stages and Flash Calculations 163

4.1 The Gibbs Phase Rule and Degrees of Freedom 163

Degrees-of-Freedom Analysis 164

4.2 Binary Vapor-Liquid Systems 166

4.3 Azeotropic Systems 173

4.4 Multicomponent Flash, Bubble-Point, and Dew-Point Calculations 176

Isothermal Flash 178

Bubble and Dew Points 181

Adiabatic Flash 184

4.5 Ternary Liquid-Liquid Systems 186

4.6 Multicomponent Liquid-Liquid Systems 195

4.7 Solid-Liquid Systems 198

Leaching 198

Crystallization 201

Liquid Adsorption 204

4.8 Gas-Liquid Systems 207

Sublimation and Desublimation 211

4.9 Gas-Solid Systems 211

Gas Adsorption 212

4.10 Multiphase Systems 213

Approximate Method for a Vapor-Liquid-Solid System 214

Approximate Method for a Vapor-Liquid-Liquid System 215

Rigorous Method for a Vapor-Liquid-Liquid System 218

Summary 220

References 221

Exercises 222

5.1 Cascade Configurations 232

Chapter 5 Cascades 232

5.2 Solid-Liquid Cascades 234

5.3 Single-Section Liquid-Liquid Extraction Cascades 237

Cocurrent Cascade 238

Crosscurrent Cascade 239

Countercurrent Cascade 239

5.4 Multicomponent Vapor-Liquid Cascades 241

Single-Section Cascades by Group Methods 242

Two-Section Cascades 246

5.5 Degrees of Freedom and Specifications for Countercurrent Cascades 253

Stream Variables 254

Adiabatic or Nonadiabatic Equilibrium Stage 254

Single-Section Countercurrent Cascade 255

Two-Section Countercurrent Cascades 257

Summary 263

References 264

Exercises 264

Chapter 6 Absorption and Stripping of Dilute Mixtures 270

6.1 Equipment 273

6.2 General Design Considerations 281

6.3 Graphical Equilibrium-Stage Method for Trayed Towers 282

Minimum Absorbent Flow Rate 284

Number of Equilibrium Stages 285

6.4 Algebraic Method for Determining the Number of Equilibrium Stages 289

6.5 Stage Efficiency 292

Performance Data 293

Empirical Correlations 294

Semitheoretical Models 299

Scale-up from Laboratory Data 303

6.6 Tray Capacity, Pressure Drop, and Mass Transfer 305

Tray Diameter 306

Tray Vapor Pressure Drop 310

Mass Transfer Coefficients and Transfer Units 312

Weeping, Entrainment, and Downcomer Backup 315

6.7 Rate-Based Method for Packed Columns 317

6.8 Packed Column Efficiency, Capacity, and Pressure Drop 325

Liquid Holdup 325

Capacity and Pressure Drop 330

Mass Transfer Efficiency 335

6.9 Concentrated Solutions in Packed Columns 342

Summary 346

References 347

Exercises 348

Chapter 7 Distillation of Binary Mixtures 355

7.1 Equipment and Design Considerations 358

7.2 McCabe-Thiele Graphical Equilibrium-Stage Method for Trayed Towers 359

Rectifying Section 362

Stripping Section 365

Feed-Stage Considerations 366

Limiting Conditions 369

Determination of Number of Equilibrium Stages and Feed-Stage Location 369

Column Operating Pressure and Condenser Type 374

Subcooled Reflux 376

Reboiler Type 380

Condenser and Reboiler Duties 381

Feed Preheat 382

Optimal Reflux Ratio 382

Large Number of Stages 384

Use of Murphree Efficiency 386

Multiple Feeds, Side Streams, and Open Steam 387

Performance Data 391

7.3 Estimation of Stage Efficiency 391

Empirical Correlations 392

Semitheoretical Models 395

Scale-up from Laboratory Data 396

7.4 Capacity of Trayed Towers and Reflux Drums 397

Reflux Drums 397

7.5 Rate-Based Method for Packed Columns 398

HETP Method 399

HTU Method 400

7.6 Ponchon-Savarit Graphical Equilibrium-Stage Method for Trayed Towers 404

Summary 406

References 407

Exercises 408

Chapter 8 Liquid-Liquid Extraction with Ternary Systems 419

8.1 Equipment 423

Mixer-Settlers 424

Spray Columns 426

Packed Columns 426

Plate Columns 426

Columns with Mechanically Assisted Agitation 427

8.2 General Design Considerations 432

8.3 Hunter and Nash Graphical Equilibrium-Stage Method 438

Number of Equilibrium Stages 440

Minimum and Maximum Solvent-to-Feed Flow-Rate Ratios 444

Use of Right-Triangle Diagrams 448

Use of an Auxiliary Distribution Curve 451

Extract and Raffinate Reflux 453

8.4 Maloney and Schubert Graphical Equilibrium-Stage Method 459

Mixer-Settler Units 465

8.5 Theory and Scale-up of Extractor Performance 465

Multicompartment Columns 475

Axial Dispersion 480

Summary 484

References 485

Exercises 486

Chapter 9 Approximate Methods for Multicomponent, Multistage Separations 492

9.1 Fenske-Underwood-Gilliland Method 492

Selection of Two Key Components 493

Column Operating Pressure 495

Fenske Equation for Minimum Equilibrium Stages 497

Distribution of Nonkey Components at Total Reflux 500

Underwood Equations for Minimum Reflux 501

Gilliland Correlation for Actual Reflux Ratio and Theoretical Stages 508

Feed-Stage Location 511

Distribution of Nonkey Components at Actual Reflux 512

9.2 Kremser Group Method 514

Strippers 514

Liquid-Liquid Extraction 518

References 521

Summary 521

Exercises 522

Chapter 10 Equilibrium-Based Methods for Multicomponent Absorption, Stripping, Distillation, and Extraction 526

10.1 Theoretical Model for an Equilibrium Stage 526

10.2 General Strategy of Mathematical Solution 530

10.3 Equation-Tearing Procedures 531

Tridiagonal Matrix Algorithm 531

Bubble-Point Method for Distillation 534

Sum-Rates Method for Absorption and Stripping 544

Isothermal Sum-Rates Method for Liquid-Liquid Extraction 551

10.4 Simultaneous Correction Procedures 555

10.5 Inside-Out Method 569

MESH Equations 571

Rigorous and Complex Thermodynamic Property Models 571

Approximate Thermodynamic Property Models 572

Inside-Out Algorithm 573

Summary 577

References 578

Exercises 579

Chapter 11 Enhanced Distillation and Supercritical Extraction 586

11.1 Use of Triangular Graphs 587

Residue-Curve Maps 591

Distillation-Curve Maps 599

Product-Composition Regions at Total Reflux 602

11.2 Extractive Distillation 604

11.3 Salt Distillation 611

11.4 Pressure-Swing Distillation 612

11.5 Homogeneous Azeotropic Distillation 616

11.6 Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation 621

Multiplicity 627

11.7 Reactive Distillation 631

11.8 Supercritical-Fluid Extraction 641

Summary 650

References 651

Exercises 653

Chapter 12 Rate-Based Models for Distillation 655

12.1 Rate-Based Model 658

12.2 Thermodynamic Properties and Transport-Rate Expressions 662

12.3 Methods for Estimating Transport Coefficients and Interracial Area 667

ChemSep Program 668

12.5 Method of Calculation 668

12.4 Vapor and Liquid Flow Patterns 668

RATEFRAC Program 674

Summary 677

References 677

Exercises 677

Chapter 13 Batch Distillation 681

13.1 Differential Distillation 681

13.2 Binary Batch Rectification with Constant Reflux and Variable Distillate Composition 685

13.3 Binary Batch Rectification with Constant Distillate Composition and Variable Reflux 688

13.4 Batch Stripping and Complex Batch Distillation 689

13.5 Effect of Liquid Holdup 691

13.6 Shortcut Method for Multicomponent Batch Rectification with Constant Reflux 691

13.7 Stage-by-Stage Methods for Multicomponent Batch Rectification 695

Rigorous Model 695

Rigorous Integration Method 698

Rapid Solution Method 705

Summary 708

References 708

Exercises 709

Chapter 14 Membrane Separations 713

14.1 Membrane Materials 718

14.2 Membrane Modules 722

14.3 Transport in Membranes 725

Porous Membranes 725

Bulk Flow 726

Liquid Diffusion 728

Gas Diffusion 729

Nonporous Membranes 731

Solution-Diffusion for Liquid Mixtures 731

Solution-Diffusion for Gas Mixtures 733

Module Flow Patterns 738

Cascades 741

Concentration Polarization 745

14.4 Dialysis and Electrodialysis 747

Electrodialysis 750

14.5 Reverse Osmosis 755

14.6 Gas Permeation 761

14.7 Pervaporation 765

Summary 771

Exercises 773

References 773

Chapter 15 Adsorption, Ion Exchange, and Chromatography 778

15.1 Sorbents 781

Adsorbents 782

Ion Exchangers 789

Sorbents for Chromatography 792

15.2 Equilibrium Considerations 794

Pure Gas Adsorption 794

Liquid Adsorption 802

Ion Exchange Equilibria 806

Equilibria in Chromatography 810

15.3 Kinetic and Transport Considerations 811

External Transport 812

Internal Transport 816

Mass Transfer in Ion Exchange and Chromatography 818

15.4 Sorption Systems 820

Adsorption 820

Ion Exchange 824

Chromatography 825

Slurry Adsorption (Contact Filtration) 827

Fixed-Bed Adsorption (Percolation) 831

Thermal-Swing Adsorption 843

Pressure-Swing Adsorption 848

Continuous Countercurrent Adsorption Systems 856

Ion-Exchange Cycle 861

Chromatographic Separations 863

Summary 870

References 872

Exercises 873

Index 881