MANUAL OF STRESSED SKIN DIAPHRAGM DESIGNPDF电子书下载

Contents 1

Preface 1

PART Ⅰ DESIGN METHOD AND EXAMPLES 1

Introduction 1

1.1 Historical background 3

1.2 The present situation 3

1.3 Principles of diaphragm action 6

1.4 Types of building suitable for stressed skin design 7

1.7 Necessary conditions for stressed skin action 8

1.6 Suitable fasteners for stressed skin design 8

1.5 Suitable cladding for stressed skin action 8

1.8 Loading and load factors 10

1.9 Economic advantages of stressed skin design 10

1.10 Other types of stressed skin structure 12

The basic shear panel 17

2.1 Basic arrangements and definitions 17

2.2 Types of diaphragm 17

2.3 Components of an individual panel 17

2.4 Determination of flexibility and strength 21

2.5 Fastener characteristics 21

2.7 Expressions for diaphragm strength(cantilever panel,sheeting perpendicular to span) 24

2.6 Principles and assumptions in design expressions 24

2.8 Expressions for diaphragm flexibility(cantilever panel,sheeting perpendicular to span) 33

2.9 Modification to design expressions for sheeting spanning parallel to span of diaphragm 38

2.10 Welded diaphragms 40

2.11 Aluminium diaphra 41

2.12 Effect ofbonded insulat 42

2.13 Diaphragms in the vertical plane 42

Design of panel assembli 43

3.1 Assemblies of panels to form a complete diaphragm 43

3.3 Design expressions for complete diaphrag 45

3.2 Roofs of irregular plan 45

3.4 Modifications to design expressions for sheeting spanning parallel to span of diaphragm 49

3.5 Otherdesign criteria 50

Interaction of panels and stiff 53

4.1 Introduction 53

4.2 Manual elastic analysis of clad structures 54

4.3 Computer analysis of clad structures 59

4.4 Manual plastic analysis of clad structures 60

4.5 Plastic analysis of clad structures by computer 65

4.6 The danger of ignoring stressed skin action in conventional construction 65

Irregular diaphragms 69

5.1 Introduction 69

5.2 Finite element analysis of diaphragms 70

5.3 Simplified computer analysis 76

5.4 Design by test 86

5.5 Diaphragms with openi 89

5.6 Diaphragms subject to in-plane point loads 93

Design tables for steel diaphrag 96

6.1 Introduction 96

6.2 Arrangements of diaphragms 96

6.3 Design expressions 97

6.4 Practical considerations in the preparation of design tables 98

6.5 Parameters for table construction 100

6.7 Approximate treatment of openings 102

6.6 Design tables 102

6.8 Cantilevered diaphragms 105

Design examples 106

7.1 Cantilevered diaphragm fastened on four sides,sheeting perpendicular to span of diaphragm 106

7.2 Welded cantilever diaphragm fastened on four sides,sheeting parallel to span of diaphragm 110

7.3 Flat-roofed building with pinned frames,sheeting spanning perpendicular to span of diaphragm(including the effect of significant openings) 114

7.4 Flat roofed building with sheeting spanning parallel to span of diaphragm(with both pinned and rigid-jointed frames) 124

7.5 Pitched roof structure subject to vertical load 131

7.6 Further examples of diaphragm calculations 142

7.7 Folded plate roof 143

8.2 SEAC Mark 3 Building System 152

Examples of actual bu ildings 152

8.1 Introduction 152

8.3 CLASP Mark 5 Building System 154

8.4 New Covent Garden fruit and vegetable market 156

8.5 Tablet factory at Beeston 157

8.6 Industrial warehouses at Queen's Drive,Nottingham 159

8.7 Stuttgarter Neckarstadion-main stand 160

Summary of design expressions,tables of factors and symbols 162

9.1 Symbols required for diaphragm strength and flexibility 162

9.2 Notes on symbols 164

9.3 Design expressions,cantilever diaphragm,sheeting perpendicu 165

9.4 Design expressions,cantilever diaphragm,sheeting parallel 167

9.5 Design expressions,diaphragm beam,sheeting perpendicular 168

9.6 Design expressions,diaphragm beam,sheeting parallel 170

9.7 Notes on design expressions for diaphragm strength and flexibility 172

9.8 Design aids and tables of factors 200

9.9 Design tables for diaphragms 200

9.10 Design expressions for an element of a folded plate roof 201

PART Ⅱ THEORY,TESTS AND ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS 207

Derivation of the design expressions for the basic shear panel 207

10.2 Sheet to purlin fastener forces and consequent flexibility 207

10.3 Seam strength and flexibility 211

10.4 Strength and flexibility in end sub-panels 215

10.5 The factorsβ1 andβ2 217

10.6 Flexibility due to profile distortion 218

10.7 Flexibility with fasteners in alternate troughs 228

10.8 Profile distortion in arc and tangent sheeting 232

10.9 Influence of sheet end laps and alternative fastener arrangements on profile distortion 236

10.10 Influence of bonded insulation 237

10.11 Flexibility due to shear strain in the sheeting 237

10.12 Flexibility due to axial strain in the edge members 238

10.13 Shear buckling of diaphragms 238

10.14 Comparisons with finite element and test results 242

Design expressions for panel assemblies 248

11.1 Introduction 248

11.2 Flexibility due to movement at the gables and intermediate rafters 249

11.3 Flexibility dueto axial strain in the edge members 251

11.4 Profile distortion with the sheeting spanning parallel to the span of the diaphragm 252

12.2 Reduction factors for frame moments 254

Interaction of panels and stiff frames 254

12.1 Introduction 254

12.3 Reduction factors for one frame only loaded 258

12.4 An alternative general solution for reduction factors 261

12.5 Tests on a semi-full size pitched roof portal frame structure 261

12.6 Full-scale tests on an actual structure 267

12.7 Tests on a rectangular portal frame building 268

12.8 Full-scale laboratory tests on a pitched roof portal building 276

12.9 Conclusions from large-scale testing 286

Fasteners for Stressed skin structures 288

13.1 Introduction 288

13.2 Fasteners in shear-test procedures and failure modes 289

13.3 Design expressions for fasteners in shear 300

13.4 Fasteners in tension-test procedures and failure modes 307

13.5 Influence of repeated loading on fastener performance 312

13.6 Combined loading of fasteners 315

13.7 Corrosion of fasteners 315

13.8 Material factors for fasteners 316

Diaphragms with openings 317

14.1 Introduction 317

14.2 Tests on diaphragms containing openings 318

14.3 Finite element analysis 324

14.4 Approximate analysis of diaphragms with openings 324

14.5 Comparison of theoretical and experimental results 326

14.6 Conclusions from test results and analysis 332

14.7 Design expressions for local forces near openings 332

14.8 Application of the design procedure to the tested diaphrag 335

14.9 Systematic investigation of diaphragms with openings 335

14.10 Practical considerations 338

Light gauge steel folded plate roofs 339

15.1 Introduction 339

15.2 Design of folded plate roofs 342

15.3 Comparison of theory with finite element analysis 356

15.4 Tests on full-scale plate elements(first series E1-E8) 357

15.5 Tests on full-scale plate elements(second series E9-E17) 362

15.6 Full-scale testing of a hipped roof structure 366

15.7 Full-scale testing of a folded plate roof 371

15.8 Design charts for folded plate roofs 381

15.9 An alternative form for the basic folded plate structure 384

15.10 Alternative shapes for folded plate and related structures 385

15.11 Practical considerations in conventional folded plate design 386

15.12 Conclusions 388

Light gauge steel shells 389

16.1 Introduction 389

16.2 Basic form of the hyperbolic paraboloid roof 391

16.3 Analysis and design of hyperbolic paraboloid roofs 391

16.4 Light gauge steel hyperbolic paraboloid roofs in practice 393

16.5 Analysis and design of cylindrical shell roofs 394

16.6 Cylindrical shell roofs in practice 395

The use of diaphragm action to stabilise rafters and to replace bracing at the gable and eaves 397

17.1 Requirements for the lateral support of beams 397

17.2 Bracing requirements based on stiffness 399

17.3 Diaphragm bracing to end gabl 400

17.4 Gable bracing when sheeting spans parallel to the length of the buildi 403

17.5 Use of diaphragm action as eaves braci 403

18.1 Introducti 405

18.2 Diaphragm action of floo 405

Diaphragms in multi-storey buildings 405

18.3 Diaphragm action of walls and partitio 407

18.4 Analysis and design of infilled fram 408

18.5 Case study of 11-storey fra 410

18.6 Economy of frames with profiled steel infil 411

19.1 Introducti 413

19.2 Economi 413

Other considerations 413

19.3 Corrosi 414

19.4 Divided responsibility 415

19.5 Construction and the provision of wind braci 415

19.6 Extensions and changes of occupanc 416

19.7 Maintenan 416

19.8 Site supervisi 417

Complete bibliography on the stressed skin action of light gauge metal cladding 421

20.1 Shear panels and their use to stabilise pin-jointed structur 421

PART Ⅲ BIBLIOGRAPHY 421

20.2 Interaction of steel sheet cladding and rigid-jointed steel fra 428

20.3 Light gauge steel folded plate structures 431

20.4 Light gauge steel hyperbolic paraboloi 432

20.5 Light gauge steel cylindrical shel 434

20.6 Fasteners for light gauge steel diaphrag 434

20.7 Diaphragms of aluminium or other materia 436

10.1 Introduction 2070