The Cyclopedia Of Medicine Volume FivePDF电子书下载

Edema 1

Ⅰ．Edema in General 1

Ⅱ．Edema in Special 4

1．Edema in Heart Disease 5

2．Edema in Kidney Disease 6

3．“Nephritis”as Edema of Kidney 7

4．Edema of Brain(Coma，Ure-mia，Diabetes) 9

5．Edema of Eye(Glaucoma) 11

Ⅲ．Treatment of Edema(Theoretical) 12

Ⅳ．Treatment of Edema(Practical) 13

1．Local Measures 14

2．Constitutional Measures 17

Ⅴ．Concluding Remarks 20

Elaterium and Elaterin 25

Preparations and Dose 25

Physiological Action 25

Poisoning by Elaterium 26

Treatment 26

Therapeutics 26

Electrotherapeutics 26

Sources of Heat 26

Hot Applicators 27

Baths 27

Radiation 28

Electric Current 29

Constant and Interrupted Currents of Low Frequency 36

Ⅰ．Constant or Galvanic Current 36

Ⅱ．Interrupted Currents of Low Frequency 42

Static Electricity 46

History 46

Static Machines 47

Methods Employed 48

Contraindications 51

Medical High Frequency Currents 51

Technics 51

Medical Diathermy 52

Therapeutics 55

Electrosurgery 64

1．Electrocautery 65

2．Surgical Ionization 65

3．Surgical Diathermy 66

Elephantiasis 77

Definition 77

Etiology 77

Pathology 77

Symptoms 78

Diagnosis 79

Prognosis 79

Treatment 79

Emetine 81

Preparations and Doce 82

Physiological Action 82

Therapeutics 82

Emphysema，Pulmonary 84

Definition 84

Pulmonary Vesicular Emphysema 86

Definition 86

Pathogenesis 86

Varieties or Types 88

Pathology 90

Signs and Symptoms 91

Diagnosis 98

Clinical Course and Sequelae 100

Treatment 101

Emphysema，Subcutaneous 105

Definition 105

Symptomatology 105

Treatment 105

Encephalitis，Epidemic 105

Synonyms 105

Definition 106

History and Epidemiology 106

Etiology 107

Pathology 108

Symptomatology 109

Acute Stage 110

Intermediate Stage 111

Chronic Stage 113

Differential Diagnosis 116

Treatment 118

Encephalitis Periaxialis Diffusa 121

Synonym 121

Definition 121

Symptoms 121

Varieties 122

Pathology 122

Differential Diagnosis 123

Treatment 123

Encephalogram，Interpretation of 124

Technic of Encephalography 124

A．Surgical Technic 124

B．X-ray Technic 125

Origin，Course，Distribution，and Absorption of Cerebrospinal Fluid 126

Encephalogram in the Normal 130

Encephalogram in the Abnormal 131

Ⅰ．Blocking of Fluid Pathways 131

Ⅱ．Dilatation of Fluid Spaces 136

Encephalomalacia 144

Definition 144

Etiology 144

Pathology 145

Differential Diagnosis 145

Prognosis 146

Treatment 146

Encephalomyelitis Disseminata 147

Definition 147

Etiology 147

Pathology 147

Symptomatology 147

Diagnosis 150

Treatment 151

Endocrine Glands 152

Correlation of Endocrine Glands 152

Primary and Secondary Diseases of 155

Conclusions 161

Innervation of Glands of Internal Secretion 162

Neuro-endocrinology 169

Thyroid 169

Parathyroids 170

Pituitary 171

Adrenals 172

Pancreas 174

Ovaries 174

Testes 174

Conclusion 175

Juvenile Endocrinopathies 176

Thyroid Gland 176

Thymus 194

Adrenal Glands 203

Role of Endocrines in Gynecology and Obstetrics 206

Menstruation，Normal and Abnormal 206

Treatment of Functional Sterility and Associated Menstrual Disorders 212

Endocrines in Pregnancy 214

Incretory Functions of Testes 217

Ⅰ．Introduction 217

Ⅱ．Sexual Differentiation and Testes 218

Ⅲ．Conclusions 259

Pluriglandular Syndromes 264

Introduction 264

Clinical Findings 271

Complications 275

History 275

Laboratory Findings 279

Group 1-b．Pituitary Dysfunction Following Earlier Overactivity with Thyroid Failure of Much Later Development 282

Group 3-a．Thyroid Failure with Ovarian Failure 283

Group 1-a．Pituitary Failure and Thyroid Failure 284

Group 1-b．Pituitary Dysfunction and Thyroid Failure 286

Group 5-a．Pancreatic Diabetes and Hypopituitarism with Tumor 287

Group 5-b．Pancreatic Diabetes and Thyroid Dysfunction with Exophthalmic Goiter 289

Conclusion 291

Endometriosis 291

Definition 291

Classification 291

Nomenclature 292

History 292

Etiology 294

Embryonic Theories 294

Serosal，Metaplasian and Heterotopic Theories 297

Mucosal Theories 298

Implantation 299

Transplantation 302

Metastatic 303

Summary of Theories 303

Pathology 304

Microscopic Pathology 305

Distribution and Incidence 306

Location 307

Endometriosis of Uterus 307

Endometriosis of Uterine Tubes 310

Endometriosis of Round Ligaments 312

Endometriosis of Ovary 313

Endometriosis of Intestine 317

Endometriosis of Bladder and Ureter 319

Endometriosis of Peritoneum 323

Endometriosis of Umbilicus 324

Endometriosis of Laparotomy Scars 324

Endometriosis and Pregnancy 326

Endometriosis and Malignancy 327

Diagnosis and Symptoms 328

Treatment 328

Endometritis 332

Introduction 332

Acute Endometritis 333

Classification 333

Puerperal Endometritis 336

Chronic Endometritis 341

Pathological Changes 342

Symptoms 342

Diagnosis 343

Prognosis 343

Treatment 343

Endoscopy 345

Laryngoscopy 345

Indirect 345

Direct 345

Bronchoscopy 348

Technic 349

Contraindications 350

Bronchoscopy for Foreign Body 352

Bronchoscopy for Disease 359

Esophagoscopy and Gastroscopy 368

Technic 369

Enemata 371

Technic 372

Nutrient Enemata 372

Technic 373

Enuresis in Children 373

Definition 373

Frequency 373

Etiology and Symptomatology 374

Pollakiuria 374

Enuresis as a Behavior Disorder 375

Differential Diagnosis 376

Management and Treatment 377

Ephedrine 378

Dose and Modes of Administration 378

Physiologic Action 378

Toxicology 379

Therapeutics 379

Phenylaminoethanol Sulphate 380

Epilepsy 381

Definition 381

Historical 381

Types 381

Description of Seizures 383

Aura 383

Grand Mal 383

Petit Mal 384

Psychological and Mental Aspects 385

Mental Aspects 385

Neurological Mechanisms 385

Prevalence 386

Age at Onset 387

Etiology 387

Heredity 388

Pathology 389

Brain 389

Outside the Nervous System 391

Gastrointestinal Tract 392

Respiration 392

Circulation 392

Endocrine Glands 392

Body Fluids 393

Physico-chemical Processes Modifying Seizures 393

Differential Diagnosis 395

Description of Attack 396

Examination 397

Prognosis 398

Prophylaxis 398

Genetics 398

Prevention of Contributing Causes 400

Preconvulsive Phenomena 400

Treatment 400

General Hygiene 401

Treatment during Attack 403

Mental Hygiene 404

Medication 405

Epistaxis 406

Definition 406

Blood Supply of Nose 407

Etiology 407

A．Trauma 407

B．Disease 408

C．Violent Exertion 408

D．Menstrual Suppression and Vicarious Menstruation 408

E．High Altitudes 408

Pathology 409

Diagnosis 410

Treatment 410

Packing the Nose 411

Ergot 412

Preparations and Dose 413

Subcutaneously 414

Physiological Action 414

Circulation 414

Uterus 414

Muscular System 414

Elimination 414

Ergot Poisoning 414

Treatment of Ergot Poisoning 415

Therapeutics 415

Labor 415

Abortion 416

Prostatic Hypertrophy 416

Hemorrhage 416

Erigeron，or Fleabane 416

Preparations and Dose 416

Physiological Action 416

Therapeutics 416

Erysipelas 416

Synonym 416

Definition 416

Symptoms 417

Complications 417

Diagnosis 417

Prognosis 417

Treatment 417

Erythema 419

Definition 419

Etiology 419

Symptoms 420

Diagnosis 422

Treatment 422

Erythema Multiforme 422

Synonyms 422

Definition 422

Etiology 423

Pathology 423

Symptoms 423

Diagnosis 424

Prognosis 424

Treatment 424

Erythema Nodosum 424

Definition 424

Incidence 425

Etiology 425

Diagnosis 426

Prognosis 426

Treatment 426

Erythrol Tetranitrate 426

Preparations and Dose 426

Physiological Action 426

Therapeutics 426

Esophagectomy 426

Definition 426

General Considerations 427

Cervical Esophagectomy 427

Preliminary Treatment 427

Extent of Excision 427

Anesthesia 428

Operative Procedure 428

After-treatment 429

Reconstruction of Esophagus 430

Thoracic Esophagectomy 431

Retropleural Method 432

Transpleural Method 432

Torek＇s Transpleural Method 434

Torek＇s Extrapleural Method 439

Esophagectomy in Uppermost Part of Thorax 440

Danger from Injury to Vagi 440

Abdominal Esophagectomy 440

Combined Thoracic and Abdominal Esophagectomy 442

Results of Esophagectomy 444

Esophagus，Diseases of 445

Introduction 445

Anatomic and Physiologic Considerations 445

Deglutition 446

Secondary Swallowing Movements 447

Peristalsis of the Esophagus 447

Anomalies of Esophagus 447

Congenital Stricture 447

Congenital Diverticula 448

Congenital Webs 448

Symptomatology 448

Diagnosis 448

Prognosis 448

Treatment 449

Spontaneous Rupture of Esophagus 449

Trauma of Esophagus 449

Symptoms 450

Diagnosis 450

Prognosis 450

Treatment 450

Acute Esophagitis 450

Diagnosis 451

Prognosis 451

Prophylaxis 451

Treatment 451

Chronic Esophagitis 451

Definition 451

Etiology 451

Symptoms 452

Treatment 452

Erosions and Ulcers 452

Erosions 452

Ulcers 452

Peptic Ulcer 452

Stenosis of Esophagus，Cicatricial 455

Definition 455

Etiology 455

Pathology 456

Symptomatology 456

Diagnosis 456

Treatment 456

Functional Diseases of Esophagus 458

Definition 458

Paralysis of Deglutition 459

Incoordination of Cropharyngeal Pinchcock 461

Incoordination of Diaphragmatic Pinchcock 461

Diverticulum of Esophagus 464

Diverticulum of Thoracic Esophagus 465

Congenital Diverticulum of Thoracic Esophagus 466

Pulsion Diverticulum of Pharynx 467

Compression Stenosis 474

Etiology 474

Symptoms 474

Diagnosis 475

Treatment 475

Carcinoma and Sarcoma 476

Definition 476

Incidence 476

Etiology 476

Pathology 477

Symptomatology 478

Diagnosis 479

Prognosis 480

Prophylaxis 480

Treatment 481

Benign Growths 484

Etiology 484

Symptoms 484

Diagnosis 484

Treatment 484

Hysteria of Esophagus and Globus Hystericus 485

Angioneurotic Edema，Herpes，Urticaria，and Serum Disease 485

Diagnosis 485

Prognosis 486

Treatment 486

Foreign Body 486

Symptomatology and Diagnosis 486

Prognosis 497

Treatment 501

Estruation 510

Definition 510

Physiologic Investigations 511

Phenomena of Estrus Cycle 511

Estrus Cycle of Rat 511

Ovulation and Its Phenomena 512

Correlation of Various Phenomena of Estrus 512

Estrus Cycle of Rabbit 514

Menstruation of Primates 514

Female Sex Hormones Concerned with Estruation 515

Anterior Lobe of Hypophysis 515

Hormones Produced by Ovary 515

Luteal Hormone 515

Ether(Sulphuric Ether) 516

Preparations and Doses 517

Ethyl Aminobenzoate 517

Preparations and Dose 517

Physiological Action 517

Therapeutics 517

Ethyl Bromide 518

Preparations and Dose 518

Physiological Action and Untoward Effects 518

Therapeutics 518

Ethyl Chloride 518

Dose and Physiological Action 518

Poisoning by Ethyl Chloride 519

Treatment of Ethyl Chloride Poisoning 519

Therapeutics 519

Local Anesthesia 519

Neuralgia 520

Ethyl Hydrocupreine or Optochin 520

Dose and Administration 520

Physiological Action 520

Untoward Effects 520

Therapeutics 520

Ethylene 521

Preparation and Properties 521

Physiological Action and Untoward Effects 521

Therapeutics 522

Eucaine Hydrochloride 524

Preparations and Dose 524

Physiological Action 524

Poisoning by Eucaine 525

Treatment of Eucaine Poisoning 525

Therapeutics 525

Eucalyptus 526

Preparations and Dose 526

Physiological Action 526

Poisoning by Eucalyptus 526

Treatment of Poisoning by Eucalyptus 526

Therapeutics 526

Gastrointestinal Disorders 527

Bronchial Disorders 527

Genitourinary Disorders 527

Nervous Disorders 527

Euphthalmine Hydrochloride 527

Preparations and Dose 527

Physiological Action 527

Therapeutics 527

Europhen 527

Dose and Physiological Action 527

Therapeutics 527

Wounds 528

Cutaneous Disorders 528

Venereal Disorders 528

Nasal Disorders 528

Exalgin 528

Dose 528

Physiological Action 528

Exalgin Poisoning 528

Treatment of Exalgin Poisoning 529

Therapeutics 529

Exanthema Subitum 529

Age Incidence and Communicability 530

Symptomatology 530

Diagnosis 531

Prognosis 531

Treatment 531

Exercise，Therapeutic 531

Passive Exercise or Relaxed Movement 532

Active Exercise 533

Exercises for Various Joints 536

Management of Sprain and Shoulder Joint 536

Exercises in Fractures of Leg 539

Foot Exercises 541

Indications for Exercises 543

In Convalescence 543

In Chronic Arthritis 543

In Chronic Constipation 544

In Diabetes 544

In Heart Disease 544

In Pulmonary Tuberculosis 545

In After-treatment of Hemiplegia 545

In Tabes Dorsalis 546

In Spinal Deformities 548

In Infantile Paralysis and Peripheral Nerve Injuries 549

In Obstetric Paralysis 550

In Dysmenorrhea 551

In Pregnancy 551

In Puerperium 551

In Mental Cases 551

Active Exercise versus Mechanical Vibrators 552

Hydrogymnastics 553

Introduction 553

Principles of Hydrogymnastics 554

Muscle Reeducation 557

Construction and Care of Equipment 562

Exercises Used in Hydrogymnastics 564

Treatment Schedule 565

Therapeutic Application 566

Eyeball 568

Sclera and Cornea 568

Pathological Considerations of the Cornea 569

Uveal Tract 570

Iris 570

Ciliary Body 571

Choroid 571

Uveal Tract，Pathological Considerations of 572

Retina 573

Pathological Considerations 574

Optic Nerve 575

Pathological Considerations 576

Vitreous 576

Pathological Considerations 577

Lens 577

Pathological Considerations 577

Anterior Chamber 578

Posterior Chamber 578

Aqueous 578

Pathological Considerations 578

Nerve Supply of Eye 579

Blood Supply of Eye 579

Eyelids，Diseases of 580

Injuries 580

1．Bruises and Abrasions 580

2．Cuts and Lacerations 580

3．Burns 581

Inflammation of Eyelids 581

Abscess(Phlegmon) 581

Perifolliculitis(Hordeolum；Stye) 582

Anomalies 582

Congenital 582

Acquired 582

Blepharitis Ulcerosa 584

Dermatosis of Eyelids 585

Eczema 585

Acne Rosacea 585

Lupus Erythematosus 585

Lupus Vulgaris 586

Leprosy 586

Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus 586

Xanthoma 586

Molluscum Contagiosum 586

Blastomycosis 587

Sporotrichosis of Lids 587

Chalazion or Meibomian Cyst 587

Edema of Eyelids 588

Blepharochalasis of Lid 588

Solid Edema 588

Blepharoptosis 588

Epithelial Tumors 589

Papillomas 589

Epithelioma 589

Molluscum Fibrosum of von Recklinghausen 590

Eyes，Diseases of 590

Injuries of 590

Direct Trauma，Injuries by 590

Eye Injuries Produced by Indirect Trauma 597

Injuries from Light，Electricity and Heat 597

Complications of Eye Injuries 598

Intraocular Foreign Bodies 600

General Considerations 600

Tolerance 601

Diagnostic Factors and Diagnostic Procedures 603

Localization 604

Diagnosis of Diseases of Eye by Slit Lamp(Biomicroscopy) 616

Slit Lamp Microscopes 616

Fasting，a Study in 626

Definition 626

Therapeutic Effects 627

Prolonged Fasts 627

Scientific Observations 627

Physiological Effect 628

War Edema 629

Duration of Life under Starvation 629

Effect of Age upon Body Weight Loss 630

Effect of External Temperature 631

Water Deprivation 631

Gastrointestinal Tract in Fasting 632

Gastric Contractions and Hunger 632

Gastric Secretion 632

Changes in Gall-bladder 633

Protein Metabolism Changes during Fasting 633

Total Nitrogen Excretion 634

Stored Protein 635

Stored Fat 636

Fat Withdrawal from Diet 636

Blood Fat 636

Blood Cholesterol in Fasting 637

Weight Changes of Organs of Body 638

Fasting and Carbohydrate Tolerance 638

Effect of Forced Fluids 639

Effect of Repeated Fasts 640

Blood Picture Changes 641

Cell Count 641

Regenerative Power of Various Substances 642

Body Surface Area and Heat Production 642

Respiratory Quotient 643

Ketosis of Starvation 647

Variations in Different Species 647

Acid-base Metabolism during Fasting 647

Fasting and Epilepsy 648

Excretion in Fasting Acidosis 650

Creatin and Creatinine 651

Uric Acid 653

Urea and Urea Nitrogen 654

Ammonia 654

Chlorine 655

Phosphorus 655

Sulphur 655

Calcium 656

Magnesium 657

Sodium and Potassium 657

Feces 662

Fatigue 663

Introduction 663

Feeling of Fatigue 663

Causes of Fatigue 664

Physical Exertion 664

Nutrition 665

Inadequate Sleep 667

Light 667

Noise and Vibration 667

Ventilation 668

Psychogenic Fatigue 668

Occupational Fatigue 669

Endocrinological Factors 670

Summary 670

Fats(Lipides)，Chemistry of 670

Simple Lipides 671

Fats 671

Waxes 673

Compound Lipides 674

Phospholipides 674

Lecithin 674

Cephalin or Kephalin 675

Sphingomyelin 675

Glycolipides 676

Derived Lipides 676

Fatty Acids 676

Sterols 678

Physiological Importance of Lipides 679

Fecal Impaction 680

Symptoms 680

Diagnosis 681

Therapeutics 681

Feces，Chemistry of 681

Fecal Components 682

Examination of Stool 682

Chemical Composition of Feces 683

Fecal Bacteria 683

Nitrogenous Substances 684

Lipides 685

Fecal Enzymes 688

Mineral Constituents 688

Hydrogen Ion Concentration and Acid-base Balance 690

Blood in Feces 691

Summary 691

Ferments 692

Filariasis 698

Definition 698

Geographical Distribution 698

Filariasis Associated with Filaria(Wuchereria)Bancroft 698

General Description 698

The Parasites 699

Pathology 700

Clinical Manifestations 702

Diagnosis 704

Prophylaxis 704

Treatment 704

Fistul？ 705

Definition 705

Etiology 705

Varieties 705

Types 705

Salivary Fistul？ 705

Tracheal Fistul？ 705

Esophageal Fistul？ 705

Lymph Fistul？ or Lymphorrhagia 705

Aerial Fistul？ 705

Preauricular Fistul？ 705

Branchial Fistul？ 706

Thyroglossal Fistul？ 706

Bronchial Fistul？ 706

Biliobronchial Fistul？ 706

Biliary Fistul？ 706

Gastric Fistul？ 707

Duodenal Fistul？ 707

Gastrojejunocolic Fistul？ 707

Sigmoidovesical Fistul？ 707

Postoperative Fecal Fistul？ 708

External Intestinal Fistul？ 709

Internal Intestinal Fistul？ 709

Umbilical Fistul？ 709

Ureteral Fistul？ 709

Urinary Tract and Vaginal Fistul？ 710

Vesicocervical Fistul？ 710

Anal Fistul？ 711

Perianal Urinary Fistul？ 712

Flatulence 713

Definition 713

Etiology 713

Treatment 713

Focal Infection 714

Definition 715

Sites of Occurrence 715

Causation 716

Bacteriology 716

Modes of Entrance of Bacteria into Primary Focus 717

Source 717

Pathways of Dissemination 717

Pathology 718

Diagnosis 721

History of Primary Focus 721

Symptoms 722

Subjective Symptoms of Chronic Primary Foci 723

Objective Symptoms 723

Systemic Diseases which Have Their Origin in Foci of Infection 725

Treatment 725

Prophylaxis 726

Elimination of Focus 726

Food Poisoning 731

Introduction 731

Poisoning Due to Infection 732

Diagnosis 733

Symptoms 734

Treatment 734

Poisoning Due to Toxins 735

Milk Poisoning 735

Mushroom Poisoning 735

Grain and Vegetable Poisoning 737

Fish Poisoning 737

Foods and Dietetics 739

General Considerations 739

Adequate Diet Requirements 741

Energy Requirement 741

Protein Requirement 743

Mineral Requirement 743

Other Mineral Elements 747

Vitamine Requirement 748

Food Products 751

Foods of Animal Origin 751

Foods of Vegetable Origin 754

Fruits 757

Nuts 758

Molasses，Syrups and Honey 758

Beverages 758

Dietetics 758

Diet in Disease 762

Diseases in which Diet is of Paramount Importance 763

Diseases in which Diets Are of Varying Importance 763

Special Types of Diets 763

High Roughage Diets 763

Smooth Diet 764

High Fat Diets 764

Obesity Diet 764

High Caloric Diets 765

Base-forming Diets 765

Diets of High and Low Protein Content 766

Water Requirements 767

Low Purin Diets 767

Food Analysis 768

1．Sampling 768

2．Moisture 768

3．Ash 768

4．Protein 768

5．Fat 769

6．Carbohydrate 769

7．Vitamines 770

Foods，Irradiation of 782

Foods Suitable for Irradiation 785

Practical Aspects 787

Foodstuffs，Specific Dynamic Action of 789

Introduction 789

Methods of Study 789

Effect of Protein 790

Effect of Fat 791

Effect of Carbohydrate 792

Effect of Combinations of Protein，Fat and Carbohydrate 792

Factors Influencing Specific Dynamic Effect 793

External Temperature 793

Exercise 793

Nature and Amount of Ingested Substance 793

Rate of Absorption 793

Previous Diet 794

State of Nutrition 794

Interpretation 794

Specific Dynamic Action in Disease 795

Ⅰ．Diseases of Metabolism 795

Ⅱ．Diseases of Endocrine Glands 796

Ⅲ．Infectious Diseases 797

Summary 797

Formic Aldehyde，or Formaldehyde 798

Preparations 799

Physiological Action 799

Poisoning by Formic Aldehyde 799

Treatment of Formaldehyde Poisoning 799

Uses in Disinfection 799

Therapeutic Uses 800

Gynecological Disorders 800

General Surgery 800

Cutaneous Disorders 801

Fourth Disease 801

Symptoms 801

Diagnosis 802

Treatment 803

Fractures 803

Definition 803

Etiology 803

Predisposing Causes 803

Pathology 803

Classification 803

Pathologic Changes 805

Bullet Wounds 806

Repair of Fractures 806

Regeneration of Bone 807

Repair of Compound Fractures 807

Symptoms 807

Deformity 807

Abnormal Mobility 808

Crepitus 808

Loss of Function 808

Pain 808

Auscultation and Percussion 808

Clinical Picture 809

Diagnosis 809

X-ray Examination 809

Differential Diagnosis 809

A．Sprain 809

B．Dislocation 810

C．Contusion 810

Prognosis 810

Treatment 811

Varieties 813

Position 815

Operative Treatment 816

Splints 817

After-treatment 817

Compound Fractures 818

Pseudoarthrosis，or Delayed or Nonunion 820

Special Fractures 821

Fractures of Skull 821

Fracture of Nasal Bones 831

Fracture of Zygomatic(Malar)and Maxillary Bones 831

Fracture of Mandible(Lower Jaw) 832

Fracture of Hyoid Bone，Larynx and Trachea 833

Fracture of Sternum 833

Fractures of Ribs 833

Fracture of Costal Cartilages 833

Fractures of Clavicle 833

Fractures of Scapula 836

Fractures of Humerus 837

Fractures of Carpus 847

Fractures of Phalanges 848

Fractures of Pelvis 848

Fractures of Femur 849

Fractures of Foot 862

Treatment of Fractures by Closed Method 863

Mechanical Principles Employed 863

Anesthesia 864

Use of X-rays 865

Hoke Plaster-traction Apparatus 865

Fractures of Hand and Fingers 870

Fractures of Shafts of Radius 871

Fractures of Shafts of Radius and Ulna 871

Fractures of Humerus 871

Fractures of Clavicle 878

Fractures of Pelvis 879

Fractures of Acetabulum 879

Fractures of Neck of Femur 879

Fractures of Shaft of Femur 882

Fractures of Patella 883

Fractures of Head of Tibia 883

Fractures of Shafts of Tibia and Fibula 884

Fractures of Tibia and Fibula at Ankle 886

Compressed and Comminuted Fractures of Calcaneus 887

Operative Treatment of Fractures 887

Introduction 887

Training，Armamentarium，etc 890

Anesthesia 891

Delayed Union and Nonunion 892

Bone Grafts 892

Prevention and Treatment of Infection 892

Physio-mechanical Electrotherapy 894

End Functional Results 894

Operative Procedures 894

Ununited Fractures 903

Treatment 903

Fullness，Sense of 926

Stomach Fullness 926

Etiology 926

Diagnosis 926

Intestinal Fullness 926

Etiology 926

Fullness of Undetermined Origin 927

Diagnosis 927

Treatment of Sense of Fullness 927

Galactose 927

Gambir 927

Preparations and Doses 927

Physiological Action and Therapeutics 928

Gangosa 928