THE RECEPTION OF INTENATIONAL LW IN THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTSPDF电子书下载

Introduction 1

1. The Evolving Background of the European Convention 1

2. A Delicate Balance of Reception: The Interpretation Framework 3

2.1 Interpretation Hindering the Reception Process 7

2.1.1 Margin of Appreciation 7

2.1.2 Consensual Interpretation 9

2.1.3 Autonomous Interpretation 10

2.1.4 Judicial Restraint 10

2.2 Interpretation Enhancing the Reception Process 11

2.2.1 Evolutive and Dynamic Interpretation 11

2.2.2 Effectiveness Principle 12

2.2.3 Systemic Integration 13

2.2.4 Judicial Activism 13

3. A Systemic Approach to the European Public Order 14

3.1 An Operational System 15

3.2 A Special Regime 16

3.3 Fragmentation 18

3.4 International Constitutionalism 20

Ⅰ The Law of Treaties 23

1. Preliminary Observations 23

2. The Case Law of the Court Concerning the VCLT 26

2.1 The Ordinary Meaning of Words 26

2.2 The Object and Context 31

2.3 Subsequent Practice 37

2.4 Other Relevant Rules of International Law 43

2.4.1 Renewed Interest in Article 31(3)(c) of the VCLT 43

2.4.2 Case Law Relating to Article 31(3)(c) of the VCLT 47

2.5 Travaux Preparatories 58

3. Rationale of the Reasoning 69

Ⅱ International Court of Justice 72

1. Preliminary Observations 72

2. Case Law Concerning the ICJ's Decisions and Statute 75

2.1 The Initial Case Law 75

2.2 Filling in Gaps 79

2.3 The Clarification of Certain Commercial Aspects 83

2.4 The Growing Differences Between the Systems 84

2.5 Certain Points of Interest 88

2.6 Issues of Fundamental International and Regional Importance 90

2.7 Judicial Review of the UN's Actions 94

3. Rationale of the Reasoning 101

Ⅲ Child Rights 107

1. Preliminary Observations 107

2. The Hague Convention on International Child Abduction 108

2.1 Strasbourg Case Law 108

2.2 The Case Law of the Commission 110

2.3 The Case Law of the ECtHR 114

2.3.1 An Archetypal Case 115

2.3.2 Non-ratification as a Relevant Factor 117

2.3.3 Other Sources External to the ECHR 118

2.3.4 Direct Intervention in Domestic Law 118

2.3.5 Lack of Invocation and Application at the Domestic Level 119

3. The Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption 120

3.1 An International Treaty with Strong European Support 120

3.2 The Pini and Others v Romania Case 121

4. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 123

4.1 An International Treaty with Unanimous European Support 123

4.2 Corporal Punishment and Abuse 124

4.3 Children in Conflict with the Law and Juvenile Justice Issues 127

4.3.1 The Nortier v The Netherlands Case 127

4.3.2 The Tv United Kindgom and Vv United Kingdom Cases 128

4.4 Ill-treatment of Illegal Immigrant Children 133

4.5 Sexual Abuse and Rape 135

5. ILO Convention on Worst Forms of Child Labour (No 182) 139

5.1 An International Treaty Neglected in the ECtHR's Case Law 139

5.2 Early Forced Labour Case Law 140

5.3 The Siliadin v France Case 142

6. Rationale of the Reasoning 145

Ⅳ Civil and Political Rights 149

1. Preliminary Observations 149

1.1 The Coexistence of Both Systems 149

1.2 The Differences Between the Systems 152

2. International Civil and Political Rights 154

2.1 Case Law on the Coexistence of the Strasbourg Bodies with the HRC 155

2.1.1 Definition of the Relationship 155

2.1.2 Proceedings Raising Different Issues 155

2.1.3 Differences in ECtHR and HRC Rulings on Identical Issues 160

2.1.4 An Improvement in the Relationship 161

2.1.5 The ECtHR following HRC Case Law 163

2.2 Case Law Referring to the ICCPR 165

2.2.1 The Council of Civil Service Unions Case 165

2.2.2 The Groppera Radio Case 167

2.2.3 The TH and SH v Finland Case 168

2.2.4 The Brannigan andMcBride and JS, PB and Others Cases 170

2.2.5 The Kurt Case 173

2.2.6 The Streletz and K-H W Cases 175

2.2.7 The Gatzinger and Polacek Cases 179

2.2.8 The Mamatkulov Cases 181

2.2.9 The Riener and Bartik Cases 182

3. Rationale of the Reasoning 186

Ⅴ Prohibition on Torture and Other Ill-treatment 190

1. Preliminary Observations 190

2. Case Law Concerning the CAT Framework and Beyond 194

2.1 Case Law Referring to the Convention Against Torture 194

2.1.1 Pre-CAT Case Law 194

2.1.2 Post-CAT Case Law 198

3. Case Law Referring to the Committee Against Torture 213

3.1 Case Law on the Coexistence with the Committee 214

3.2 Case Law Referring to the Committee's Activities 217

3.2.1 Case Law Concerning the Committee's Jurisprudence 217

3.2.2 Reports of the Committee and Special Rapporteur 222

4. Rationale of the Reasoning 228

Ⅵ Refugee Rights 232

1. Preliminary Observations 232

2. Case Law Referring to the 1951 Refugee Convention 234

2.1 Case Law Relating to Article 3 of the ECHR 235

2.1.1 A Comparison of the ECH R with the 1951 Refugee Convention 235

2.1.2 Extraterritorial Effect and Limitations of the Examination 239

2.1.3 Distinction Between the Instruments 241

2.1.4 Granting of Refugee Status 242

2.1.5 International Obligations of the Respondent States 246

2.2 Case Law Relating to Article 5 of the ECHR 249

2.2.1 A Comparison of the ECHR with the 1951 Refugee Convention 249

2.2.2 The Limited Number of References in the Case Law 255

2.3 Case Law Relating to Article 8 of the ECHR 266

2.3.1 A Comparison of the ECHR with the 1951 Refugee Convention 266

2.3.2 Limitations of the Examination 272

2.3.3 Criticisms of the Court's Approach 273

2.3.4 Duty of Contracting States 276

2.3.5 The Court's Conception of Its Own Role 276

3. Case Law Referring to the Convention Against Torture 277

4. Rationale of the Reasoning 280

Ⅶ State Immunity 283

1. Preliminary Observations 283

1.1 The Concept of Immunity 283

1.2 Conventional Law 285

1.3 International Practice 286

1.4 State Practice 287

1.4.1 National Decisions Based on International Law 288

1.4.2 National Decisions Based on Domestic Law 289

2. The Strasbourg Case Law 291

2.1 Preliminary Observations 291

2.2 The Al-Adsani v United Kingdom Case 292

2.3 The Fogarty v United Kingdom Case 293

2.4 The McElhinney v Ireland Case 293

3. Analysis of the Court's References to International Law 294

3.1 A Common Reasoning 294

3.1.1 Analysis of Article 6(1) of the ECHR 295

3.1.2 The Court's Reasoning 297

3.2 Differences in the Reasoning 298

3.2.1 The Reasoning of the Majority 298

3.2.2 The Limited Contribution of the Majority 301

3.2.3 The Different Reasoning of the Minority 304

3.3 Further Considerations 306

4. Rationale of the Reasoning 308

Ⅷ International Humanitarian Law 313

1. Preliminary Observations 313

2. International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law 314

2.1 Differences and Similarities Between the Systems 314

2.2 The Interaction of Both Systems in Treaty Provisions 315

2.3 The Position of International Bodies: The Status of Lex Specialis 316

2.4 The Challenging of the Lex Specialis Rule by Academics 318

3. References to IHL in the Strasbourg Case Law 321

3.1 The Cyprus v Turkey Case 323

3.2 The Engeland Others v The Netherlands Case 325

3.3 The Gulc v Turkey Case 326

3.4 The Ergi v Turkey Case 328

3.5 The Ozkan v Turkey Case 330

3.6 The Isayeva and Others v Russia Case 332

3.7 The Isayeva v Russia Case 335

3.8 The Akkum and Others v Turkey Case 336

3.9 The Markovic and Others v Italy Case 338

3.10 The Korbely v Hungary Case 341

4. Analysis of the Reasoning Used in the Case Law 345

5. Rationale of the Reasoning 348

Conclusion 352

1. Preliminary Observations 352

2. Cross-Cutting Factors: To Receive or Not to Receive? 353

2.1 International Law Invoked at the Domestic Level 353

2.2 Cases Intertwined with International Law 354

2.3 The Need to Harmonize a Provision with International Law 355

2.4 Use in the Drafting of the ECHR 357

2.5 Uncertainty Regarding International Law 358

2.6 The Need to Fill in Gaps 360

2.7 Textual and Substantive Similarities 361

2.8 More Specific Guidelines in International Law 361

2.9 The Need to Assess the Human Rights Situation in a Country 362

2.10 Political Issues and State Interests 363

2.11 Advantages of using the ECHR 364

2.12 Procedural and Substantive Law 366

2.13 Ratification Record 367

2.14 Universal Reach of International Instruments 367

2.15 Backgrounds of the Judges 368

2.16 Concluding Remarks 369

3. Basic Characteristics of the Strasbourg Case Law 370

3.1 The Difference Between the Court and the Commission 370

3.2 Referring to General Law versus a Special Regime 372

3.3 Margin of Appreciation 373

4. Comparative Analysis 374

4.1 Overview of the Factors' Influence 374

4.1.1 Pre-Existing and Technical Reasons 376

4.1.2 The Need to Improve and Update the ECHR 377

4.1.3 Common Ground Between the ECHR and International Law 378

4.1.4 Other Factors 378

4.2 Overview of the Cross-Cutting Issues and Results Analysis 379

4.2.1 General Trends 379

4.2.2 The Reception Scenarios 381

5. The Wider Context of the Strasbourg Reception Process 382

5.1 Interactions Between the ECHR and International Law 382

5.2 An Approach Aimed at Self-Reinforcement 385

5.3 Insufficient Integration into the International Legal Order 387

5.4 The Nature of the ECHR Special Regime 388

5.4.1 The ECHR's Constitutional and Regional Features 388

5.4.2 The ECHR's Conflict Resolution Rules 391

5.5 Interactions Between Special Regimes 394

5.6 International Conflict Resolution Rules 396

5.7 The Role of General International Law 398

6. Future Research 399

7. Further Improvement at the ECHR Level 400

Bibliography 406

Index 417