The Foundations of Restitution for WrongsPDF电子书下载

Introduction 1

1 Terminology and Introduction to the Concept of Restitution for Wrongs 11

Ⅰ First Things First 11

Ⅱ Restitution 11

A English Law 12

i Restitution and Disgorgement 12

ii Quadrationism versus Multicausalism 15

B German Law 19

C Italian Law 22

Ⅲ Wrong 24

A English Law 24

B German Law 27

C Italian Law 29

Ⅳ Setting the Terminological Premises 31

A Wrongs 32

B Law of Tort and Law of Delict 33

C Compensation and Restitution for Wrongs 33

D Restitution for Wrongs and Restitution for Unjust Enrichment 34

2 Restitution in the Context of the Law of Obligations 37

Ⅰ Legal Analysis 37

A English Law 38

i The Compensatory Principle 38

ii Waiver of Tort 41

iii Unjust Enrichment 41

B German Law 42

i The Law of Damages 43

ii Non-Wrongful Responses 45

C Italian Law 46

i The Law of Damages 47

ii Non-Wrongful Responses 49

Ⅱ Some Remarks 50

3 Comparative Analysis: Proprietary and Intellectual Property Wrongs 53

Ⅰ Organisation of the Analysis 53

A Compensatory Damages which Resemble Restitutionary Damages 54

B Proper Restitutionary Damages 55

C Scheme of the Comparative Analysis 55

Ⅱ Proprietary Wrongs 56

A English Law 56

i Conversion 56

ii Other Cases 60

B German Law 65

C Italian Law 68

Ⅲ Intellectual Property Wrongs 73

A English Law 73

B German Law 77

C Italian Law 80

4 Comparative Analysis: Breach of Contract 83

Ⅰ English Law 83

Ⅱ German Law 92

A Law of Delict 92

B Law of Contract 94

C Law of Unjustified Enrichment 97

Excursus: The scope of para 285 (1) BGB 99

Ⅲ Italian Law 99

A Law of Delict 100

B Law of Contract 101

C Law of Unjust Enrichment 101

5 Comparative Analysis: Other Wrongs and Concluding Observations 105

Ⅰ Other Wrongs 105

A English Law 105

i Breach of Fiduciary Duty 105

ii Breach of Confidence 107

B German Law 108

i Breach of Fiduciary Duty 109

ii Breach of Confidence 110

iii Violation of Personality Rights 110

C Italian Law 115

i Breach of Fiduciary Duty 116

ii Violation of Personality Rights 116

iii 'Environmental Damage' 118

iv Other Cases of Restitution in a Delictual Context 120

Ⅱ Concluding Observations 122

A The Set of Premises 122

B Two Considerations 123

C The Relationship with Restitution for Unjust Enrichment 123

D Restitution for Wrongs in the Three Jurisdictions 125

E Some Obstacles 125

6 The Roman Law of Damages 127

Ⅰ The Role of Non-Compensatory Responses 127

Ⅱ Legal Responses to Wrongs 128

Ⅲ The Punitive Character of the Roman Law of Delict 129

Ⅳ Penal and Compensatory Actions 131

ARes and Poena 132

B Main Features of the Penal Actions 133

Ⅴ Restitution in the Roman Law of Damages 133

A The actiones in id quod ad eos pervenit 134

B Contractual Restitutionary Damages? 137

Ⅵ Evolution of the Law of Damages in the Post-Classical Period 139

Ⅶ The Law of Damages in the Ius Commune 140

Ⅷ Some Reflections 143

A The Actions in id quod ad eos pervenit as Restitutionary Claims for Wrongs 143

B The Claim of D 19. 1.23 144

C Limited Application of Restitution for Wrongs 145

D An Historical Explanation 146

7 The Law of Damages in the Tradition of Aristotelian Philosophy 147

Ⅰ Introduction 147

Ⅱ The Aristotelian Approach to Responses to Wrongdoing 148

A Aristotle's Ethics 148

i The Requirements to Identify the Just Man 149

ii Particular Justice 149

iii Corrective Justice 150

iv Retaliation 152

B The Expansion of Aristotelian Ideas in Western Europe 152

C The Rediscovery of Aristotle 153

i St Thomas and the Aristotelian Doctrine 153

ii Distributive and Corrective Justice 154

iii Restitutio 155

D The Spanish Late Scholastics and Grotius 157

i Restitution according to Franciscus de Vitoria 158

ii Restitution according to Dominicus Soto 159

iii The concept of damage in Grotius 161

Ⅲ Aristotelian Theory and Law of Damages 162

A Diorthotic Justice 163

B The Theory of Mean 163

C Aristotelian Responses 164

i Punishment 164

ii Restitution 165

iii The co-operatores 166

iv Retaliation 167

Ⅳ The Influence of Philosophical Analysis over Legal Interpretation 167

A The Historical and the Philosophical Factors 167

B Greek Philosophy in the Context of Roman Legal Science 168

i Roman Lawyers 168

ii The Glossators 170

8 Modern Aristotelian Approaches to Restitution for Wrongs 173

Ⅰ Introduction 173

Ⅱ German Legal Theory and Aristotelian Justice 174

A The General Studies on Private Law 174

B Esser's Theory of Distributive Justice 176

Ⅲ A Moral Instrumentalist Theory on the Law of Damages 178

A A 'Moral' and 'Instrumentalist' Theory 178

B Agent-Specific and Agent-General Duties 179

C Corrective Justice and Legal Analysis of Tort Law 180

i Conceptions of corrective justice 180

ii Coleman's theory in a legal context 181

iii Restitutionary justice 183

iv Coleman's legal analysis and restitution for wrongs 183

Ⅳ A Moral Formalist Theory on the Law of Damages 185

A A Kantian Approach to Corrective Justice 185

B Restitutionary Damages as Corrective Justice 187

C Weinrib's Analysis and Restitution for Wrongs 189

i Corrective justice according to Weinrib 189

ii Proprietary rights and tortious protection of property 190

iii Pseudo-restitutionary damages 192

Ⅴ Corrective Justice and Restitution for Wrongs 193

9 Wrongs and Restitution 197

Ⅰ Introduction 197

Ⅱ Birks' Three Tests 198

Ⅲ Protection of Facilitative Institutions 200

Ⅳ General Acceptance 202

Ⅴ Position of the Law Commission 203

Ⅵ Restitution Disgorgement and Deterrence 205

Ⅶ The Requirements of the Claim 209

Ⅷ The Object of the Restitutionary Claim 213

Ⅸ Election between Compensation and Restitution 215

Ⅹ The Neutrality of Restitution for Wrongs 218

Ⅺ The A FortioriArgument 219

Ⅻ Conclusions 220

10 Final Observations 223

Ⅰ The Outcome of the Research 223

Ⅱ The Chosen Avenue 225

Ⅲ Law of Obligations and Restitution for Wrongs 226

Ⅳ The Comparative Perspective 227

Ⅴ The Historical Perspective 229

Ⅵ The Philosophical Perspective 230

Bibliography 233

Index 243