THE REGISTRATION AND MONITORING OF SEX OFFENDERS A COMPARATIVE STUDYPDF电子书下载

1 Introduction 1

Chapter outlines 7

2 Registers - a source of 'tyranny and intimidation'? 9

An early history of registration 1OEarly modern times (1500-1800) 10

Nineteenthocentury registers 13

A registration idea from Australia 16

Tickets of leave the UK version 17

The registration of convicted offenders in the UK 18

A registration idea from British India 20

The twentieth century and the new liberal state 22

Registering the alien 22

Conclusions 23

3 Twentieth-century registration of the deviant, the dangerous and the offender 25

Framing the sex crime 25

Registration in Germany 26

Registering criminals in the USA - an early example 28

The UK's approach to child sex offenders in the 1930s 31

Information on adults 32

Children's registers 33

Registers for people with mental health problems 35

The US first wave" and the first sex offender registers 36

'An age of complacency'? 38

Conclusions 39

4 Sex offender registers in the United States of America 40

State initiatives on registration 40

Developments in other states 44

Federal laws on registration and community notification 45

1994: The Jacob Wetterling Crimes against Children and Sexually Violent Offender Registration Act 45

1996: 'Megan's Law' 47

1996: The Pam Lychner Sexual Offender Tracking and Identification Act 48

1998: The Jacob Wetterling Improvements Act 49

2000: The Campus Sex Crimes Prevention Act 49

2003: The Prosecutorial Remedies and other Tools to End the Exploitation of Children Today (PROTECT) Act 50

2006: The Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act 50

The Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act: requirements of the states 50

The Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act: the federal role 52

Implementing the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act 54

2008: The Keeping the Internet Devoid of Sexual Predators Act (the KIDS Act) 55

Other US developments 55

Legal challenges to the US registers 56

Conclusions 57

5 The UK sex offender register 59

Origins o fan idea 59

'Sentencing and supervision of sex offenders' 61

The Sex Offender Bill 62

The Sex Offenders Act 1997 64

The register in practice 64

The Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000 65

Multi-agency public protection arrangements 66

'Where are they now?' 68

The 2001 review 68

The Sexual Offences Act 2003 69

2005: Managing Sex Offenders in the Community 71

2005: The Irving Review 72

2007: 'Cross government action plan on sexual violence and abuse' 72

2007: Review of the Protection of Children from Sex Offenders 73

CEOP and ViSOR 74

2010: Restriction and rehabilitation: getting the right mix 75

Legal challenges to the UK register 76

Conclusions 79

6 Registers around the world 80

The Republic of Ireland 80

France 83

Jersey 84

Canada 86

Provincial registers 86

The federal register 87

Australia 89

State and territories registers 90

The federal register 92

Pitcairn Island 92

Republic of South Africa 93

Kenya 94

Jamaica 95

Conclusions 96

7 Sex offender registers in progress and cross-border monitoring 97

Austria 97

The Czech Republic 97

Germany 98

Belgium 98

Hong Kong 99

New Zealand 100

Monitoring sex offenders across international borders 102

Avoiding registration requirements 102

New offending 103

'Sexual tourism' 104

Avoiding employment screening 105

Monitoring the movement of the outbound sex offender 106

Monitoring the movement of the inbound sex offender 108

A bilateral arrangement.: tracking sex offenders moving between the Republic of lreland and Northern Ireland 110

International sex offender registers 112

Conclusions 113

8 Community notification and residence restrictions 114

Community notification or 'Megan's Law' 114

Unofficial community notification 118

The 'For Sarah' campaign 120

Discretionary disclosure 122

A 'presumption to disclose' 124

Residential restrictions on sex offenders 126

Sex offender residency restriction in the USA 128

Sex offender residency restriction in the UK 130

Conclusions 131

9 Making sense of sex offender registers 132

Introduction 132

Maintaining the register 132

Monitoring and enforcement 134

Compliance and accuracy 135

The impact of being on the register 137

Relationships 139

Harassment 139

Stigmatisation and vulnerability 141

Employment 141

The question of privacy 143

Monitoring those without convictions 143

Registration and young sex offenders 144

What is the evidence that registration and community notification works? 146

Is registration just media led? 148

Conclusions 149

10 Conclusions 151

Other methods of monitoring the sex offender 151

Why sex offenders? 153

From dangerousness to risk to the 'precautionary principle' 153

Criminology of the 'other' 155

Criminology of 'us' 156

Surveillance studies 158

Bibliography 160

Index 178