A THREE DIMENSIONAL THEORY OF LAWPDF电子书下载

Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION 1

Chapter 1 Different Perspectives from which to Approach the Concept of Law 3

1. The Difference between Formal and Material Perspectives 3

2. Formal Perspective: The Three-dimensional Method in the Study of Law 4

2.1. Structural Three-dimensionalism: The Values Plane, the Norms Plane, and the Facts Plane 4

2.2. Three-dimensionalism of Principles 5

2.3. Anthropological Three-dimensionalism: the Believer in the Church, the Citizen of the State, and the Individual in the Family 6

2.4. Three-dimensionalism and the Theory of Knowledge 9

2.5. Three-dimensionalism in Different Subject Areas of the Law 11

3. Material Perspective 14

3.1. From the Concept of Law to the Concept of Objective Law 14

3.2. From the Concept of Objective Law to the Concept of Positive Law 15

3.3. From the Concept of Positive Law to the Concept of the Legal Order 16

3.4. From the Concept of the Legal Order to the Concept of the Legal Norm 17

3.5. From the Concept of the Legal Norm to the Concept of Statute Law 18

3.6. From the Concept of Statute Law to the Concept of Regulations 18

Ⅱ. THEORY OF THE LEGAL NORM 21

Chapter 2 Concept of the Legal Norm 23

1. Defining the Legal Norm as Compared with Other Types of Norms 23

1.1. The Legal Norm and the Moral Norm 23

1.1.1. Differentiating Characteristics between Law and Morality 23

A) By Subject 25

B) By Object 26

C) By Value Judgments 27

D) By Coercive or Non-coercive Character 27

a) General Idea 27

b) Foundation and Goal of Punishment. Punishment and Deterrents 28

E) By Heteronomous or Autonomous Character 32

F) By the Type of Norm 32

G) By the Sought-after Ends. Other Differentiating Criteria 33

1.1.2. Relationships between Law and Morality 34

1.2. The Legal Norm and Social Customs 34

2. Structure of the Legal Norm 37

2.1. The Ratio 37

2.2. The Factual Situation and the Legal Consequence. The Legal Norm as Hypothetical Judgment. The Relevance of Causality and the Relevance of Imputation 39

Chapter 3 Analytical-Linguistic Consideration of the Legal Norm, as a Prescriptive Proposition 43

1. Initial Considerations Regarding this Process of Analysis 43

2. The Concept of Proposition and how it Differs from Other Concepts 45

3. Types of Propositions. The Traditional Approach and Enrico Pattaro's Approach 46

3.1. The Representative or Semantic Function of Language 47

3.2. The Descriptive Function of Language 47

3.3. The Prescriptive or Preceptive Function of Language 47

3.4. The Emotive Function of Language. Relationship with the Expressive Function 47

Chapter 4 Classifications of the Legal Norms 49

1. Primary and Secondary Norms. Historical Criteria for Differentiation 49

1.1. The Temporal or Neutral Criteria: The Traditional Conception 50

1.2. The Axiological-Functional Criteria: The Innovative Thesis of Rudolf von Ihering (1818-1892) in Tension with Karl Binding (1841-1920). The Kelsenian Position 50

1.3. The Conciliatory Theory of H. L. A. Hart in The Concept of Law. Types of Secondary Rules 51

1.4. The Axiological-Hierarchical Criteria: Differentiation in Constitutional Law 52

2. Other Classification Criteria for Legal Norms 52

2.1. By Material Effectiveness 52

2.1.1. General and Individual Norms 53

2.1.2. Abstract and Concrete Norms 54

2.1.3. Regular Norm, Exceptional Norm-the Privilege-and Special Norm 54

2.1.4. Necessary and Dispositive Norms 56

2.1.5. Complete and Incomplete Norms (Explanatory: Legal Definitions; Restrictive; and Remittible: Legal Fictions) 57

2.2. By Effectiveness in Time: Permanent Norms, Temporary Norms, and Transitory norms 60

2.3. By Effectiveness in Space: Universal Norms, General or Common Norms, and Particular or Local Norms 61

2.4. The Distinction Between the Norms of Public Law and Those of Private Law 61

2.4.1. The Distinction from the Perspective of the Legal Relationship 62

A) By the Subjects 62

a) By the Nature of the Subjects 62

b) By the Position of the Subjects 62

B) By the Object 63

C) Cicu's Thesis 64

2.4.2. The Distinction from the Perspective of Legal Norms 65

A) By the Character of Necessary Law or Dispositive Law 65

B) By the Form of Protection 65

C) By the Status of the Legal Norm 65

2.4.3. Critical Conclusion 66

Ⅲ. THEORY OF THE LEGAL ORDER 67

A) Moments or Phases in the Life of the Legal Order: The Formation, the Interpretation, and the Application 67

Chapter 5 Formation of the Legal Order: Theory of the Sources of Law 69

1. The Sources of Law 69

1.1. Formal and Material Sources of Law 69

1.2. De Lege Data Sources and de Lege Ferenda Sources: Their Hierarchy 72

1.2.1. Analysis of Article 1 of the Preliminary Title of the Spanish Civil Code 72

1.2.2. The Issue in the 1978 Spanish Constitution 73

2. Communitarian Law 74

3. Written Law as the Principal Source in the Roman-Germanic System 75

3.1. Codification and Constitutionalism 78

3.2. The Legality Principle 79

3.3. The Hierarchy of the Different Types of Law in a Broad Sense 80

3.3.1. The Constitution as a Supreme Law 80

3.3.2. International Treaties 83

3.3.3. Organic Laws 85

3.3.4. Ordinary Laws 86

3.3.5. Executive Branch Norms: Executive Orders and Legislative Decrees; Regulations 86

4. Custom as a Spontaneous Reiteration of the Acts of the People 88

4.1. Concept and Requirements 88

4.2. Types of Custom 93

4.3. Proof of Custom 94

5. General Principles of Law 95

5.1. Naturalist and Positivist Conceptions: Express and Non-Express General Positive Principles 95

5.2. Constitutional Principles 98

5.3. Other Classifications of Principles Based on Their Objective, Level of Generality, and Function 101

6. Case Law 102

6.1. Diverse Understandings of the Term 102

6.1.1. lurisprudentia as Science-in Roman Law 102

6.1.2. Precedent-in the Common Law System 102

6.1.3. Jurisprudence as Judicial Phenomenon-in the Roman-Germanic System 104

6.2. The Requirements of Case Law 104

6.3. The Legal Value of Case Law 105

7. Contracts 108

8. Jurisprudence 108

Chapter 6 Interpretation of the Legal Order 111

1. Interconnection between the Processes of Application and Interpretation of Law 111

2. The concept of Interpretation. Elements 112

2.1. The Anima or Purpose; the Corpus or Object 112

2.2. The Means or Criteria of Interpretation: Article 3.1 of the Preliminary Title of the Spanish Civil Code 116

2.2.1. The Literal or Grammatical Interpretation 116

2.2.2. The Logical Interpretation 117

A) Legal Formalism 117

B) The Anti-formalist Revolt 119

2.2.3. The Systematic Interpretation 121

2.2.4. The Historical Interpretation 122

2.2.5. The Sociological Interpretation 123

3. Types of Interpretation 124

3.1. By its Results: Declarative-Broad, Strict-, Extensive, Restrictive, and Corrective 124

3.2. By its Author: Private, Public-Authentic, Official, and Common 125

3.3. By its Object: Interpretation "of" the Constitution and Interpretation "from" the Constitution 126

3.4. Product-interpretation and Activity-interpretation 127

Chapter 7 Application of the Legal Order 129

1. Analogy 129

1.1. Concept 129

1.2. Origin and Historical Evolution 135

1.3. Foundation 137

1.4. Function 137

1.5. Requirements 139

1.6. Field of Applicability 141

1.6.1. Analogy in Criminal Law 142

1.6.2. Analogy and Exceptional Norms 143

1.7. The Difference between Analogy and other Similar Concepts:Analogy and Extensive Interpretation 145

2. Equity 146

2.1. Equity as "Vitalized Justice" 146

2.2. Its Complex Meaning and Variable Content in Different Time Periods and Legal Systems. Historical Types of Equity in Western European Culture 147

2.2.1. The Aristotelian Epieikeia 149

2.2.2. The Roman Aequitas (the Aequum et Bonum) 150

2.2.3. The Christian Benignitas and the Canonical Aequitas 151

2.2.4. Equity According to the Conceptions of Medieval and Modern Writers from Continental Europe 152

2.2.5. The Concept of Anglo-American Equity 152

2.3. Equity in Continental Private Law and in Continental Public Law-Especially in Public International Law 153

2.4. Equity and General Principles of Law 155

3. Other Types of Legal Arguments 155

3.1. Arguments Based on the Ratio: A Fortiori Argument and A Contrario Argument 155

3.2. Other Legal Arguments 160

3.2.1. The A Cohaerentia Argument 160

3.2.2. The Sedes Materiae Argument 160

3.2.3. The A Rubrica Argument 161

3.2.4. The Non-redundant Argument 161

3.2.5. The Ad Absurdum Argument 161

3.2.6. The Pragmatic Argument 162

3.2.7. The Argument of Authority 162

3.2.8. The Psychological Argument 162

B) Characteristics of the Legal Order: Completeness, Coherence, and Unity 165

Chapter 8 The Completeness of the Legal Order. Gaps in the Law 167

1. Principal Theories Utilized by the Legal Order's Dogma of Completeness 167

1.1. The Theory of Empty Legal Space 169

1.2. The Theory of the Exclusive General Norm 169

1.3. The Theory of the Non Liquet Prohibition 170

2. The Problem of Gaps in the Law 170

2.1. The Concept and Types of Gaps in the Law 170

2.2. The Principal Legal Means of Filling in Gaps in the Law 173

2.2.1. Hetero-integration: Resort to Natural Law 173

2.2.2. Self-integration 173

2.2.3. Judicial Discretion 174

Chapter 9 The Coherence of the Legal Order. Legal Antinomies 175

1. The Concept of System 175

2. The Problem of Antinomies 175

2.1. Concept and Types of Antinomies. False Antinomies 175

2.2. Criteria for the Resolution of Antinomies 179

2.2.1. Criteria for the Resolution of First-level Antinomies or between Norms: Hierarchical, Chronological, by Specialty, and by Competency 179

2.2.2. Criteria for the Resolution of Second-level Antinomies or between the Criteria Themselves 180

Chapter 10 The Unity of the Legal Order. The Validity of the Law 183

1. The Suitability of the Three-dimensional Approach with Regards to the Topic of Validity 183

2. The Concept of Validity 190

2.1. Material Validity of Legitimacy: The Justice of Law 193

2.2. Formal Validity or Validity in the Strict Sense: The Existence of Law 194

2.3. Sociological Validity or Efficacy: Obedience to the Law 195

Chapter 11 The Deontological or Naturalist Foundation of Validity 199

1. Relations Existing in the Matter of Validity 199

1.1. The Relation between Law and Religion 199

1.2. The Relation between the Legal and the Moral: Dynamic and Static Systems 201

1.3. The Relation between Natural Law and Positive Law: Deductive and Inductive Systems 203

1.4. The Relation between Divine, Natural, and Positive Law 207

2. Some Natural Law Theories 208

2.1. Saint Thomas Aquinas'Theory of Law 208

2.2. The Naturalism of Francisco Suarez 211

2.2.1. Law in General 212

2.2.2. Divine and Natural Law 213

2.2.3. Human and Civil Law 213

2.3. Voluntarism or Legal Subjectivism. Main Theories 214

2.3.1. The Internal Plane: The Theory of Social Contract 214

2.3.2. The International Plane: The Principle "Pacta Sunt Servanda" 215

2.4. Leon Petrazycki's Psychological Theory of Validity 216

2.5. Gustav Radbruch and the Security-Justice Binomial 217

2.6. Coexistence as a Justification of Law in Sergio Cotta 217

2.7. Jurgen Habermas' Theory of "Diskursethik" 219

2.8. Ronald Dworkin's Anti-positivist Theory of "Legal Policies" as a Reaction to Hart 221

Chapter 12 Positivist Foundation of Validity 223

1. Relations Existing on the Subject of Validity 223

1.1. Validity in Normativism and in Positivism 223

1.2. Validity of a Legal Norm and of the Legal System in its Entirety. Can the Legal System be Self-Validating? 224

1.3. Validity in International Law and in Domestic Laws 224

1.3.1. Legal Monism 225

A) The Primacy of International Law Thesis 226

B) The Primacy of Domestic Law Thesis 226

1.3.2. Legal Dualism 227

1.3.3. Legal Pluralism 228

1.4. The Relation between the Plane of "Is" and the "Ought-To-Be" 228

2. Main Positivist Theories 230

2.1. Theories of the Basic Norm 230

2.1.1. Hans Kelsen's Theory of the "Stufenbau" and the"Grundnorm" 230

2.1.2. H. LA. Hart's Theory of the "Rule of Recognition." A Comparative Analysis of the "Grundnorm" and the "Rule of Recognition" 234

A) Terminology 235

B) Internal Statement 235

C) Nature 236

D) Content 237

E) Function 237

a) The Unity of Law 238

b) The Coherence of Law 239

c) The Completeness of Law 240

F) The Relations to Facts 240

G) The Relations to Values 240

H) The Role in the Spanish Legal System 240

I) Reconciliatory Theory 242

2.2. Theories of Sovereignty 243

2.2.1. Georg Henrik von Wright and Sovereign "Norms" 243

2.2.2. Georg Jellinek and Sovereign "Power" 244

2.2.3. The Sovereign "Subject" 245

A) Jeremy Bentham's Theory 245

B) John Austin's Theory 246

2.3. Other Theories 248

2.3.1. Joseph Raz's Theory of the "Chain of Validity," "Basic Power" and "Statements from a Point of View" 248

2.3.2. Francois Ost's Theory of the "Boucles Etranges" 249

Chapter 13 Realist Basis of Validity 253

1. Relations Existing on the Subject of Validity 253

1.1. The Relations Existing in the Matter of Validity between Statute Law, Common Law, and Case Law 253

1.2. Civil Disobedience 256

1.2.1. History 261

1.2.2. Civil Disobedients: Thoreau, Gandhi, King, and Other Modern Civil Disobedience Campaigns 264

1.2.3. The Concept of Civil Disobedience 266

1.2.4. Civil Disobedience and Related Concepts 273

A) Military, Ecclesiastic and Administrative Disobedience 273

B) Dissidence 274

C) Political Protest 274

D) Exemplary Actions 274

E) Criminal Disobedience 274

F) Ethically Justified Criminality 275

G) Resistance 275

H) Terrorism 276

I) Revolution 276

J) Conscientious Objection 277

K) Tyrannicide 277

L) Instrumental Causes 278

M) Militant Action 278

N) Treason 278

O) Non-Pacific Disobedience: Insurrection, Rebellion and Guerrilla 279

1.2.5. The Limits of Civil Disobedience 279

1.2.6. Justification to Civil Disobedience 280

A) Moral Justification 280

B) Legal Justification 281

C) Political Justification 283

1.3. Limits of Norms' Efficacy in Time-Non-retroactivity-and Space-the Plurality of Legal Systems and the Relations among Them 284

2. Principal Realist Theories 289

2.1. Scandinavian Realism. Alf Ross's "Normative Ideology of the Judges" Theory as a Reaction to Kelsen 289

2.1.1. General Exposition 289

2.1.2. Critical Review 291

2.2. North American Realism 293

2.3. Martin Diego Farrell's Theory of the "Axiom" and "Verified Law" 295

2.4. Coercion Theory against Recognition Theory 296

2.4.1. General Considerations 296

2.4.2. The "Volkgeist" Conception of the Historical School of Law 296

2.4.3. Santi Romano and Maurice Hauriou's Theory of the "Institution" 297

Chapter 14 Problems Resolved by Considering Law From the Perspective of the Legal Order 299

1. The Term "Legal Order" 299

2. Problems Resolved by Considering Law from the Perspective of the Legal Order 299

2.1. The Problem of the Norms' Recipients 300

2.2. The Problem of Norms without Punishment 300

2.3. The Problem of the Relationship between Validity and Effectiveness 301

2.4. The Problem of Customary Law 302

2.5. The Problem of Antinomies 302

2.6. The Problem of the Insufficiency of Legalistic Positivism 303

2.7. Other Problems 303

Ⅳ. THEORY OF THE LEGAL RELATIONSHIP 305

Chapter 15 The Legal Relationship 307

1. Historical Formulation of the Concept of the Legal Relationship 308

F. C. von Savigny's Elaboration of the Concept in his Work System des Heutingen romischen Rechts 308

2. Definition of The Legal Relationship: The Concepts of Legal Situation, Legal Act, and Legal Transaction 310

3. Structure of the Legal Relationship: Elements 311

3.1. The Subject 311

3.2. The Object 313

3.3. The Cause 313

4. Content of the Legal Relationship 313

4.1. The Legal Position of Power: Right, Potestas, and Ability 314

4.2. The Legal Position of Duty: Burden, Submission, and Obligation 315

5. Types of Legal Relationships 317

5.1. By the Determinate or Indeterminate Nature of the Passive Subject 317

5.2. By the Object 317

5.3. By the Content, Purpose, and Organizing Principles 317

5.4. Other Criteria 318

Chapter 16 Right as a Part of the Legal Relationship 321

1. The Law ("Norma Agendi") - Right ("Facultas Agendi") Comparison 321

2. The Doctrinal Development of the Idea of Right 324

2.1. The First Formulations in Rome and in William of Ockham (1290-1349) 324

2.2. The Rationalist Naturalism Position. The Concept of Right in Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) and Samuel Pufendorf (1632-1694). Right as Potestas 326

2.3. The Issue in Positivist Legal Science during the 19th Century and the First Decade of the 20th Century 327

2.3.1. Right as the Opposite of a Duty in the Analytical Jurisprudence of John Austin (1790-1859) 327

2.3.2. Friedrich Carl von Savigny (1779-1861) and Bernard Windscheid's (1817-1892) Theory of the Power of the Will ("Willensmacht") 328

2.3.3. Right as a Legally Protected Interest in Rudolf von Ihering (1818-1892) 329

2.3.4. The Synthetic Approach of Georg Jellinek (1851-1911) 330

2.4. Denial of the Reality of Rights: Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832); Hans Kelsen (1881-1973); Leon Duguit (1859-1928); North American Realism and Scandinavian Realism 330

3. Limits on the Exercise of Rights 333

3.1. Abuse of Rights 333

3.1.1. Theoretical Formulation of the Abuse of Rights Doctrine Starting from the Theory of Emulative Acts 335

3.1.2. Positive Formulation: Article 7.2 of the Spanish Civil Code 337

3.1.3. Case Law Formulation 338

3.2. Temporary Limits on Rights 339

Bibliography 341

Index 367