Gang Injunctions and AbatementPDF电子书下载

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

Criminal Law versus Civil Law 3

Public Nuisances 4

What Is an Injunction or Abatement? 6

The Gang Problem 8

Definition of Terms 10

Stage 1: At Risk or Peripheral 13

Stage 2: Associates or Affiliates 14

Stage 3: Gang Members 14

Stage 4: Hard-Core Gang Members 15

Stage 5: Gang Leaders 15

No Single Method Will Solve the Problem 17

Chapter 2 Steps 1 to 5 of the Injunction Process 21

Step 1: Start with a Motivated and Knowledgeable Prosecutor and Police Officer 21

Step 2: Accurately Identify the Nuisance Activity and the Problem 24

Step 3: Identify the Defendants or Gang to Be Named or Targeted by the Injunction 26

What Are DOEs? 28

Step 4: Identify and Describe the Target Location, Target Area, or Safety Zone 33

Gang Abatement at a Specific Location 38

Step 5: Collect Evidence 38

Not Enough Evidence: Consider an Eviction 50

Chapter 3 Steps 6 to 10 of the Injunction Process 51

Step 6: Prepare the Order, Decide Which Type to Obtain 51

Name the Gang, Name the Individuals, Name Both? 53

Requirements for Issuance of Preliminary Injunction 57

Procedure for Obtaining Preliminary Injunction: Order to Show Cause (OSC) 57

Step 7: Obtain the Order, What Activity Will You Restrict? 58

The Narrowly Tailored Limitation on the Scope of an Injunction 61

Step 8: Notify the Defendants 62

The Yolo County Broderick Boys Case 65

Step 9: Final Disposition or Trial 65

Proposed Preliminary Injunction 66

Ex Parte Application for Order to Show Cause 66

Proposed Order to Show Cause 67

Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Support of Ex Parte Application and Preliminary Injunction 67

Obtaining Judgment Granting Permanent Injunction 67

Step 10: Enforce and Maintain the Order,Educate the Police and Community 70

Chapter 4 Literature and Policy 73

Category 1: Police Response 74

Police Response Time 77

Category 2: Other Enforcement That Impacted Results 79

Category 3: Type of Gang 83

Percentage of the Overall Gang Targeted with Injunction 84

Targeting Gang Leaders 85

Territoriality of the Gang 86

Category 4: Type of Activity 87

Is the Crime Collective or Individual? 88

Category 5: Target Area Characteristics 89

Percentage of Turf Enjoined and Displacement 91

Economic Status of the Target Area 93

Zoning in Target Area 95

Category 6: Type of Community 96

Police-Initiated Injunctions 97

Category 7: Type of Order 98

Category 8: Maintenance of the Order 100

More Jail Time 100

Updated Orders May Be More Effective 101

Gang Injunctions and Gang Dynamics 102

Chapter 5 Gang Injunction and Gang Abatement Theory 103

Deterrence Theory: Increasing Risk and Punishment 105

Old Town National City Example: Testing the Resolve of Police 111

Injunction Violations Help Prove Gang Membership 112

Additional Common Provisions 113

Association Theory: Group Processes and Negative Peer Influence 116

Frequency, Duration, and Intensity 118

Intimidating Witnesses 121

Environmental Theories: Target Area Environmental Factors 122

Vandalism and Graffiti 123

Broken Windows Theory 125

Economic Theory: Strain Theorists 127

Economic Opportunity by Selling Drugs 129

Reducing Property Crimes Like Burglary and Auto Theft 132

Strain Theory's Solution to the Problem 132

Psychological Gang Dynamics Theory: Gang Crime Motivators 133

Displacement or Diffusion 133

Common Gang Crime Motivators Addressed by Injunctions 136

Limit Gang Identification (Hand Signs and Gang Clothing) 136

Turf Violations (Keep Rivals Apart to Reduce Confrontations) 139

Elevate Standing or Seeking Prestige 139

Personal Conflicts (Less Time Together, Less Internal Issues?) 140

Self-Control (Help Them Control Themselves) 141

Gangs and Schools (Protect Our Youth and Those at Risk) 142

Reduce Gang Recruiting 143

How a Gang's Structure Impacts a Gang Injunction (Territorial vs. Mobile) 144

Chapter 6 Legal Criticism of Gang Injunctions and Gang Abatement 149

Not Effective Debate 149

Illegal Debate 151

Gang Injunctions and Legal Accusations of Racism 155

Cost Debate 158

Community Support Debate 159

Media Campaign of Misinformation 162

Give Them a Way Out of the Gang and Off the Injunction: Opting Out 163

Getting Off an Injunction: What Is Required? 165

San Francisco Policy 168

So What Is the Review Process? 169

Confidentiality 170

Representation by Counsel 170

How to Submit Your Petition 171

Identifying Information 171

Chapter 7 Research Methodology 173

Quantitative Study 174

Retrospective, Quasi-Experimental Study 174

Initial Goal/Quantitative Analysis 175

Epidemiological Study 175

Comparing Two Populations: Injunction and Control 176

Testing Dependent Variables: Part 1, Part 2, and Total Calls 177

Control for Validity 177

Sampling Frame and Procedure 178

Sample 178

Treatment 179

Instrumentation 179

Data Analysis/Statistical Procedures 179

Nature of the Scales 182

Compare Same Points in Time 182

Measuring Crime 183

Measuring Cost 184

Measuring Convictions 186

Measuring Arrests 187

Measuring Community Perceptions 188

National Crime Victimization Surveys 188

Localized Community Surveys 189

Stakeholder Surveys 189

Self-Report Crime Surveys 190

The Gang Member's Perspective 191

Measuring Crime by Mapping 191

Measuring UCRs and Calls 192

National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) 194

Two Studies Conducted Using UCRs Data Prior to This the Third 194

Jeff Grogger Study 194

Los Angeles Grand Jury Study 195

Chapter 8 Results of 25 Injunction Studies 197

Section 1: Injunction and Control Pairings 197

Descriptive: Injunction versus Control 198

Correlation between Injunction and Matched Controls 199

Summary of Section 1: Injunction and Control Pairings 201

Section 2: Effect of Injunctions on Calls for Service 202

Baseline Values, Injunction and Control 202

Baseline Part 2 Calls 202

Baseline Total Calls for Service 202

Summary of Baseline Calls 202

Percent Change for Part 1 Crime 203

Part 2 Calls for Service 204

Total Calls for Service 205

Summary: Effect of Injunctions on Calls for Service 205

Section 3: Further or Exploratory Analysis 207

Variance by Gang Ethnicity 207

Summary of Injunctions of Hispanic Gangs 210

Summary of Ethnicity 215

Variance by Gang Injunction Size (More or Less than 50 Members) 216

Summary of Gang Injunctions: More versus Less than 50 Targeted Member Results 223

Variance by County 223

Summary of County Analysis 232

Variance by Gang Injunction Area (Square Miles) 233

Summary of Square Mileage Analysis 241

Variance by Overall Gang Size 241

Summary of Overall Gang Size Analysis 248

Summary of Further Analysis 248

Limitations with the Injunctions 249

Section 4: Case-by-Case Analysis 249

Case/Pair l: Posole and Vista Homeboys:Part 1 Crime 249

Case/Pair 1: Posole and Vista Homeboys:Part 2 Crime 250

Case/Pair 1: Posole and Vista Homeboys:Total Calls 250

Case/Pair 2: San Marcos and South Los:Part 1 Crime 250

Case/Pair 2: San Marcos and South Los:Part 2 Crime 250

Case/Pair 2: San Marcos and South Los:Total Calls 251

Case/Pair 3: Old Town National City and Shelltown Gamma: Part 1 Crime 251

Case/Pair 3: Old Town National City and Shelltown Gamma: Part 2 Crime 251

Case/Pair 3: Old Town National City and Shelltown Gamma: Total Calls 252

Case/Pair 4: Mesa Locos and Center Street: Part 1 Crime 252

Case/Pair 4: Mesa Locos and Center Street:Part 2 Crime 252

Case/Pair 4: Mesa Locos and Center Street:Total Calls 252

Case/Pair 5: Linda Vista and Mission Bay:Part i Crime 253

Case/Pair 5: Linda Vista and Mission Bay:Part 2 Crime 253

Case/Pair 5: Linda Vista and Mission Bay:Total Calls 253

Case/Pair 6: Diablos and Fallbrook Locos:Part 1 Crime 254

Case/Pair 6: Diablos and Fallbrook Locos:Part 2 Crime 254

Case/Pair 6: Diablos and Fallbrook Locos:Total Calls 254

Case/Pair 7: Westside and Encinitas Locos:Part 1 Crime 254

Case/Pair 7: Westside and Encinitas Locos:Part 2 Crime 255

Case/Pair 7: Westside and Encinitas Locos:Total Calls 255

Case/Pair 8: Nestor and Imperials: Part 1Crime 255

Case/Pair 8: Nestor and Imperials: Part 2Crime 255

Case/Pair 8: Nestor and Imperials:Total Calls 256

Case/Pair 9: Logan Red Steps and Shelitown 38th Street: Part 1 Crime 256

Case/Pair 9: Logan Red Steps and Shelltown: Part 2 Crime 256

Case/Pair 9: Logan Red Steps and Shelltown 38th Street: Total Calls 257

Case/Pair 10: Center Street and South Los:Part 1 Crime 257

Case/Pair 10: Center Street and South Los:Part 2 Crime 257

Case/Pair 10: Center Street and South Los:Total Calls 257

Case/Pair 11: Posole and Vista Homeboys:Part 1 Crime 258

Case/Pair 11: Posole and Vista Homeboys:Part 2 Crime 258

Case/Pair 11: Posole and Vista Homeboys:Total Calls 258

Case/Pair 12: Lincoln Park and 5/9 Brims:Part 1 Crime 259

Case/Pair 12: Lincoln Park and 5/9 Brims:Part 2 Crime 259

Case/Pair 12: Lincoln Park and 5/9 Brims:Total Calls 259

Case/Pair 13: Skyline Piru and West Coast Crips: Part 1 Crime 259

Case/Pair 13: Skyline Piru and West Coast Crips: Part 2 Crime 260

Case/Pair 13: Skyline Piru and West Coast Crips: Total Calls 260

Case/Pair 14: Old Town National City and Otay: Part l Crime 260

Case/Pair 14: Old Town National City and Otay: Part 2 Crimes 260

Case/Pair 14: Old Town National City and Otay: Total Calls 261

Case/Pair 15: 7th Street and Southside Colton: Part 1 Crime 261

Case/Pair 15: 7th Street and Southside Colton: Part 2 Crime 261

Case/Pair 15: 7th Street and Southside Colton: Total Calls 262

Case/Pair 16: Verdugo Flats and Northside Colton: Part 1 Crime 262

Case/Pair 16: Verdugo Flats and Northside Colton: Part 2 Crime 262

Case/Pair 16: Verdugo Flats and Northside Colton: Total Calls 262

Case/Pair 17: Project Crips and Colton City Crips: Part 1 Crime 263

Case/Pair 17: Project Crips and Colton City Crips: Part 2 Crime 263

Case/Pair 17: Project Crips and Colton City Crips: Total Calls 263

Case/Pair 18: Canoga Park and Reseda South/Westside: Part 1 Crime 264

Case/Pair 18: Canoga Park and Reseda South/Westside: Part 2 Crime 264

Case/Pair 18: Canoga Park Alabama and Reseda South/Westside: Total Calls 264

Case/Pair 19: 18th Street Pico Union and SSK/Drifters Gang: Part 1 Crime 264

Case/Pair 19: 18th Street Pico and SSK/Drifters Gang: Part 2 Crime 265

Case/Pair 19: 18th Street Pico Union and SSK/Drifters Gang: Total Calls 265

Case/Pair 20: Krazy Ass Mexicans and State/Clarence Street: Part 1 Crime 265

Case/Pair 20: Krazy Ass Mexicans and State/Clarence Street: Part 2 Crime 266

Case/Pair 20: Krazy Ass Mexicans and State/Clarence Street: Total Calls 266

Case/Pair 21: Rolling Sixties Crips and Eight Tray Gangsters: Part 1 Crime 266

Case/Pair 21: Rolling Sixties Crips and Eight Tray Gangsters: Part 2 Crime 266

Case/Pair 21: Rolling Sixties Crips and Eight Tray Gangsters: Total Calls 267

Case/Pair 22: Varrio Nueva Estrada and White Fence: Part 1 Crime 267

Case/Pair 22: Varrio Nueva Estrada and White Fence: Part 2 Crime 267

Case/Pair 22: Varrio Nueva Estrada and White Fence: Total Calls 268

Case/Pair 23: Grape Street Crips and 97th Street Crips: Part 1 Crime 268

Case/Pair 23: Grape Street Crips and 97th Street Crips: Part 2 Crime 268

Case/Pair 23: Grape Street Crips and 97th Street Crips: Total Calls 268

Case/Pair 24: Bounty Hunter Bloods and Front/Back Street Crips: Part 1 Crime 269

Case/Pair 24: Bounty Hunter Bloods and Front/Back Street Crips: Part 2 Crime 269

Case/Pair 24: Bounty Hunter Bloods and Front/Back Street Crips: Total Calls 269

Case/Pair 25: Colonia Chiques and Southside Chiques: Part 1 Crime 270

Case/Pair 25: Colonia Chiques and Southside Chiques: Part 2 Crime 270

Case/Pair 25: Colonia Chiques and Southside Chiques: Total Calls 270

Compare Injunction and Control for Part 1 Crime 271

Summary of Part 1 Crime 271

Compare Injunction and Control for Part 2 Crime 271

Summary of Part 2 Crime 271

Compare Injunction and Control for Total Calls 271

Summary of Total Calls 272

Policy or Political Differences That May Have Impacted the Results 272

Chapter 9 Police Officers from 25 Gang Injunction Areas Surveyed 273

Survey Methods 273

Injunction Effectiveness 275

Survey Design 276

Survey Target Population/Participants 276

Sample 277

Survey Was Piloted 277

Survey Data Collection Procedures 278

Connecting the Survey to the Case Studies 278

Statistical Procedures for the Survey 280

Data Analysis 280

Limitations 281

Police Officer Survey Results 281

Description of Participant Demography 282

Results Survey Question 1: Making an Arrest for a Gang Injunction Violation Is an Effective Use of My Time'? 282

Results Survey Question 2: Gang Injunction Violations Are Responded to in Which Manner in My Jurisdiction? 282

Summary of Response Speed and Injunction Success 283

Results Survey Question 3: If Aware of the Presence of an Injunction, Was the Injunction Part of a Larger Intervention or Enforcement Program? 284

Part of a Larger Intervention and Injunction Success 284

Results Survey Question 4: If Yes to Question 3, What Were the Goals of the Larger Program? 284

Results Survey Question 5: What Is the Size of the Gang You Targeted with the Injunction? 285

Gang Size and Injunction Success 285

Gangs of 250 or More and Injunction Success 286

Gangs of 200 or More and Injunction Success 286

Gangs of 150 or More and Injunction Success 286

Gangs of 100 or More and Injunction Success 287

Summary of Gang Size and Injunction Success 287

Results Survey Question 6: What Percentage of the Overall Gang Size Was Actually Named in the Injunction or Later Served with the Injunction? 288

Summary of Percentage of Gang Served and Success 288

Results Survey Question 7: Were the Gang Leaders Targeted with the Injunction? 289

Summary of Leaders Targeted and Injunction Success 289

Results Survey Question 8: The Gangs in My Jurisdiction Are Territorial and Have Well-Defined Borders That They Actively Defend against Rivals 290

Results Survey Question 9: Was the Activity That Originally Brought the Gang Problems in the Injunction Part 1 Crime? 290

Results Survey Question 10: Gang Crime in My Jurisdiction Is Committed by Gang Members Working as Individuals Rather Than Working Together as a Group 290

Results Survey Question 11: What Is the Size of the Gang Turf of the Gang You Targeted with the Injunction? 290

Results Survey Question 12: What Percentage of the Total Gang's Turf Was Made Part of the Gang Injunction Target Area? 291

Results Survey Question 13: What Is the General Economic Status of the Gang Injunction Area? 291

Results Survey Question 14: What Best Describes the Zoning in the Target Area? 291

Results Survey Question 15: How Was the Injunction Obtained? Rate the Following Groups' Level of Participation in the Decision to Obtain the Injunction 291

Results Survey Question 16: If Aware of an Injunction, Who Initially Requested the Injunction? 292

Requestor of the Injunction and Injunction Success 292

Results Survey Question 17: Which of the Following Below Best Describes the Injunction in Your Area? 292

Results Survey Question 18: Does Your Department Keep You Adequately Informed as to the Status of the Injunction? 293

Keeping Informed and Injunction Success 293

Results Survey Question 19: If an Arrest Is Made for a Gang Injunction Violation,What Is the Typical Response in Your Jurisdiction? 294

Results Survey Question 20: In My Jurisdiction We Constantly Evaluate the Injunction and Add or Remove Members as It Becomes Necessary to Keep the Injunction Current 294

The Police Officer Survey 294

Chapter 10 Research and Conclusions about Effectiveness 299

Grogger Study: First Scientific Look at Effectiveness 300

Edward Allan Study (Survey of Prosecutors) 301

Los Angeles Grand Jury Study, June 2004 302

Maxson Community Study of Verdugo Flats 303

Fresno Grand Jury Makes Gang Injunction Recommendations 304

O'Deane Gang Injunction Study—September 2007 305

O'Deane Gang Injunction Study—November 2007 305

Comparing the Empirical Findings 308

Long-Term Impact of Six Gang Injunctions Evaluated 310

Limitations 313

Suggestions for Future Research 314

What Are the Policy Recommendations? 315

Research Conclusion 315

Chapter 11 The Birth of Gang Injunctions 317

Year 1982 318

People v. Dogtown, Primera and 62nd Street East Coast Crips Gangs (Los Angeles Case C418875), July 22, 1982 318

California Corporations Code Used against Gangs 319

Year 1987 320

People v. Playboy Gangster Crips (Los Angeles Case WEC118860), October 26, 1987 320

Chapter 12 Gang Injunctions 1990-1999 323

Year 1992 323

Fairview Property Associates v. Westside Playboys (Los Angeles Case EC009117),July 1, 1992 323

People v. Acosta (Los Angeles Case EC010205), October 7, 1992 323

Year 1993 324

People v. Blythe Street Gang (Los Angeles Case LC020525), February 22, 1993 324

People v. Acuna (Santa Clara Case 729322), February 26, 1993 324

Blythe Injunction (False Promises), ACLU Study and City Attorney Response 325

People v. Amaya (Orange County Case 713223), June 30, 1993 (Attempt) 327

Strategies against Gang Environments Forms in LA to Help Get Gang Injunctions 328

Year 1994 329

People v. Avalos (Santa Clara Case CV739089), March 16, 1994 329

People v. B Street Boys (Alameda Case 735405-4), May 18, 1994 (Attempt) 329

City of Norwalk v. Orange Street Locos (Los Angeles Case VC016746), July 21, 1994 330

Year 1995 331

City of Long Beach v. Westside Longos (Los Angeles Case NC17601), October 6,1995 331

City of Pasadena v. Pasadena Denver Lanes (Los Angeles Case GC015651),October 25, 1995 331

Year 1996 332

City of Redondo Beach v. North Side Redondo 13 (Los Angeles Case YC026580), April 30, 1996 332

City of Pasadena v. Villa Boys and Krazy Boys (Los Angeles Case GC016746/ GC017109), June 13, 1996 333

People v. Headhunters (SB Case SCV30441), June 20, 1996 (Attempt) 334

People v. Lennox-13 (Los Angeles Case YC027006), July 30, 1996 335

City of Commerce v. Chopper 12 (Los Angeles Case BC155927), August 20, 1996 335

City of lnglewood v. Crenshaw Mafia (Los Angeles Case YC028318), December 17, 1996 336

Year 1997 337

People v. 18th Street Gang Alsace Clique (Los Angeles Case BC167915), March 21,1997 337

People v. Brown Nation (Los Angeles Case VC 24170), March 27, 1997 (Attempt) 337

City of Long Beach v. West Coast Crips (Los Angeles Case NC021240), May 5, 1997 339

People v. 18th Street Gang Pico/Union (Los Angeles Case BC175684),August 1, 1997 340

People v. 7th Street Gang (San Bernardino Case SCVSS42552), October 24, 1997 342

People v. Varrio Posole Locos (San Diego Case N76652), November 26, 1997 343

Year 1998 344

People v. Mara Salvatrucha (Los Angeles Case BC187039), March 4, 1998 344

People v. 18th Street Shatto Park (Los Angeles Case BC190334), May 1, 1998 344

People v. Arroyo—Varrio Horseshoe, Westside Mob, Sur Santos Pride, and Eastside Clanton Gangs (Santa Clara Case CV775225), July 10, 1998 345

People v. Harpy's Gang (Los Angeles Case BC192678), July 16, 1998 346

People v. Original Bloods (San Joaquin Case CV05505), July 28, 1998 347

People v. Alcarez—Vagos Gang (Monterey Case 115095), July 30, 1998 347

People v. Varrio San Marcos (San Diego Case N078777), August 3, 1998 348

City of Compton v. Compton Varrio Flats, aka Tortilla Flats Gang (Los Angeles Case TC011598), August 20, 1998 348

City of San Diego v. Lincoln Park (San Diego Case 725795), November 19, 1998 (Updated in 2004) 349

City of National City v. Old Town National City Gang (San Diego Case SB007194),December 15, 1998 350

Year 1999 350

People v. Langdon Street Gang (Los Angeles Case LC048292), March 26, 1999 350

People v. Culver City Boys (Los Angeles Case SC056980), April 23, 1999 352

People v. Venice Shoreline Crips (Los Angeles Case SC057282), May 21, 1999 353

People v. Sur Crazy Ones (San Bernardino Case SCVSS58315), June 24, 1999 355

People v. Varrio Mesa Locos (San Diego Case N82223), August 20, 1999 355

People v. Harbor City Gang and the Harbor City Crips (Los Angeles Case NC026769), November 12, 1999 356

Chapter 13 Gang Injunctions 2000-2009 357

Years 2000-2009 357

People v. Venice 13 Gang (Los Angeles Case SC060375), February 4, 2000 357

People v. Linda Vista 13 Gang (San Diego Case GIC745162), March 24, 2000 359

City of San Jose v. South Vietnam (Santa Clara Case CV791443), July 28, 2000 359

Year 2001 360

People v. Five Time Hometown Crips (San Bernardino SCVSS080319),January 13, 2001 360

People v. Pacoima Project Boys (Los Angeles Case PC027254Y),March 20, 2001 360

People v. Eastside and Westside Wilmas (Los Angeles Case NC030080),May 23, 2001 361

People v. Diablos Gang (San Diego Case GIN013906), July 13, 2001 362

People v. Westside Gang (San Diego Case GIN013907), July 13, 2001 362

People v. Eastside Longos (Los Angeles Case NC030660), August 31, 2001 362

Year 2002 363

People v. Canoga Park Alabama (Los Angeles Case BC267153),January 29, 2002 363

People v. Nestor Gang (San Diego Case GIS9068), February 27, 2002 364

People v. 18th Street Pico Union (Los Angeles Case BC272030), April 16,2002 (Redoing the 18th Street Pico Union That Was Previously Dismissed) 364

People v. Varrio Sureno Town (Santa Clara Case CV811217), September 19, 2002 365

People v. Krazy Ass Mexicans (Los Angeles Case BC282629), October 3, 2002 365

People v. Logan Height Red Steps Gang(San Diego Case GIC798708),November 1, 2002 366

People v. Avenues Gang (Los Angeles Case BC287137), December 17, 2002 367

Year 2003 367

People v. Verdugo Flats (San Bernardino Case SCVSS092975), March 10, 2003 367

People v. Insane Crip (Los Angeles Case NC033946), April 16, 2003 368

People v. Rolling Sixties Crips (Los Angeles Case BC298646), July 8, 2003 368

People v. Chankla Bulldogs (Fresno Case 03CECG02881), August 15, 2003 370

People v. Center Street (San Diego Case GIN032007), August 22, 2003 370

People v. Bounty Hunter Bloods (Los Angeles Case BC301433), August 26, 2003 370

People v. Delman Heights Bloods (San Bernardino Case SCVSS107068), October 9, 2003 371

People v. Varrio Posole Locos (San Diego Case GIN033214), October 17, 2003 371

People v. Project Crips (San Bernardino Case SCVSS109373), November 4, 2003 372

People v. 18th Street Hollywood (Los Angeles Case BC305434),November 4, 2003 372

Year 2004 372

People v. Westside Longos (Los Angeles Case NC035222), January 12, 2004 372

People v. Mara Salvatrucha Hollywood (Los Angeles Case BC311766), March 9,2004 373

People v. Oxnard Colonia Chiques (Ventura Case CIV226032), April 2, 2004 373

People v. 18th Street Wilshire (Los Angeles Case BC313309), April 6, 2004 374

People v. East Side Piru, Aka Skyline (San Diego Case GIC827117), April 16, 2004 374

Evaluation of the Analysis Typically Needed to Obtain an Injunction: The Skyline Example 376

People v. G-Mobb (Sacramento County Case 04AS02821), July 13, 2004 379

People v. 38th Street (Los Angeles Case BC319166), July 28, 2004 379

People v. Varrio Nueva Estrada Hollenbeck (Los Angeles Case BC319981), August 12,2004 379

People v. Parkside Bulldogs (Fresno Case 04CECG02777), September 27, 2004 380

People v. Southside Montebello (Los Angeles Case BC324344), November 10,2004 380

People v. California Garden Crips (San Bernardino Case SCVSS119636),November 23, 2004 381

People v. 42nd, 43rd, 48th Street Gangster Crips (Los Angeles Case BC326016), December 16, 2004 381

People v. Broderick Boys (Yolo County Case CV04-2085), December 30, 2004 381

Year 2005 382

People v. Grape Street Crips (Los Angeles Case BC330087), March 10, 2005 382

People v. Hoovers and Troubles (Los Angeles Case BC330272), March 15, 2005 383

People v. 18th St. CLCS and Nine Other Gangs (Los Angeles Case BC332713), May 2, 2005 383

People v. Vista Homeboys (San Diego Case GIN044867), May 27, 2005 385

Example of Serving a Large Number of Defendants at One Time 385

People v. Lamparas Primera and Southside (Santa Barbara 1148758), June 1, 2005 386

People v. Big Hazard (Los Angeles Case BC335749), June 28, 2005 386

People v. Old Town National City (San Diego Case GIS22336), October 7, 2005 387

People v. Hoovers Gang (Los Angeles Case BC341872), October 24, 2005 387

People v. Modoc Boys (Fresno Case 05CECG03696), November 28, 2005 389

San Francisco County Takes a Look at the Gang Injunction Policy 389

Not Every Injunction Considered Is Implemented: PPHG (Pimps, Playboys,Hustlers, and Gangsters) Example 390

Year 2006 390

People v. Olive Street Pomona (Los Angeles Case KC047752), February 1, 2006 390

People v. Geer Street and Schoolyard Crips (Los Angeles Case BC349468), March 23,2006 390

City of San Diego v. West Coast Crips (San Diego Case GIC864852), April 25, 2006 391

People v. Playboys (Los Angeles Case BC351990), May 8, 2006 391

People v. Black P Stones (Los Angeles Case BC352951), May 25, 2006 392

People v. White Fence (Los Angeles Case BC353596), June 8, 2006 392

People v. Santa Nita (Orange County Case 06CC06903), June 8, 2006 392

People v. Southside Chiques (Ventura Case CIV242491), July 27, 2006 394

People v. East Side Victoria (San Bernardino VCVVS042664), August 2, 2006 394

People v. Orange Cove Rifa Bulldogs and Orange Cove Sur (Fresno County Case 06CECG02815), August 23, 2006 395

People v. Clover, Eastlake, and Lincoln Heights (Los Angeles County Case BC358881), September 20, 2006 395

People v. Oakdale Mob (San Francisco Case CGC06456517), September 27, 2006 395

People v. Dogtown (Los Angeles BC359945), October 6, 2006 396

People v. Highland Park (Los Angeles County Case BC359944), October 6, 2006 396

People v. Junior Mafia Gang (Los Angeles County VC047440),October 6, 2006 397

People v. Boys from the Hood (Orange County 06CC10916), October 12, 2006 397

People v. Whittier Varrio Locos (Los Angeles County BC363464),December 15, 2006 398

People v. Westside Gang (San Diego Case GIN057995), December 26, 2006 398

People v. Diablos Gang (San Diego Case GIN057995), December 26, 2006 398

Year 2007 398

Stay-Away Orders Used in Connection with Gang Injunctions 398

San Bernardino District Attorney Forms Gang Injunction Unit 399

Canoga Park Alabama, March 21, 2007 399

Los Angeles City Attorney Establishes Gang Injunction Guidelines 399

Los Angeles Police Form "Top 10" Gang List 400

People v. Norte?os (San Francisco Case CGC-07-464492), June 21, 2007 400

People v. Chopper City, Knock Out Posse,Norte?os, and Eddy Rock (San Francisco Case CGC-07-464493), June 21, 2007 401

AB 104 Signed 401

People v. Hawaiian Gardens (Los Angeles Case BC375773), September 21, 2007 402

People v. East Side Riva (Riverside Case RIC478810), August 22, 2007 402

People v. Varrio Viejo (Orange County 07CC19689), October 11, 2007 403

People v. Varrio Chico (Orange County 07CC19690), October 11, 2007 404

People v. Varrio San Marcos (San Diego 07-00057284), October 19, 2007 405

People v. Rolling 40's Crips, 46 Top Dollar Hustler Crips, and 46 Neighborhood Crips (Los Angeles Case BC380229),November 5, 2007 405

Dog Pound Gangsters (Fresno County Case 07GI05), November 29, 2007 407

People v. 204th Street and Eastside Torrance (Los Angeles BC381942),December 7, 2007 411

Year 2008 412

People v. Mob Piru Gang Compton (Los Angeles TC021658), January 24, 2008 412

People v. San Fer Gang (Case No.BC388726), April 10, 2008 413

People v. South Side Kings (Tulare County Case 08-226862), April 28, 2008 413

People v. Northside Visalia/Mexican Gangster Boys/Encina Street Riders/Northside Birdland (Tulare County 0-226863), May 6, 2008 415

People v. Oriental Troop/Mongolian Boys Society/Lao Pride Gangsters (Tulare County 08-226863), May 12, 2008 415

People v. Southside Rialto (San Bernardino CIVSS808850), July l, 2008 415

People v. Colton City Crips (San Bernardino CIVSS811223), August 18, 2008 416

People v. All for Crime, Barrio Mojados, Blood Stone Villans, Florencia 13, Oriental Boyz, and Pueblo Bishops (LA Case BC397522), September 5, 2008 416

People v. Orange County Criminals (Orange Co. Case 30-2008-00107172), June 4, 2008 417

People v. Barrio Dream Home Gang (Riverside INC077903), June 10, 2008 418

People v. East Side Pain (ESP), aka Ghost Town Bloods (LA Case BC 399741),October 10, 2008 418

People v. Temple Street (LA Case BC401190), November 3, 2008 420

People v. Toonerville Gang (LA Case BC401928), November 14, 2008 420

People v. Florencia 13 (Case BC403340),December 8, 2008 420

Year 2009 424

People v. 5th and Hill Gang (LA Case BC380877), January 6, 2009 424

True Crime Boys (Riverside Case INC085113), March 30, 2009 425

West Drive Locos (Riverside Case INC085116), March 30, 2009 425

Varrio East Side Reedley (VESR) (Fresno DA Case 09GI06), March 20, 2009 426

People v. Barrio Van Nuys (LA Case BC413147), May 6, 2009 426

Orange Varrio Cypress Gang (Orange Case 30-2009-00118739), May 14, 2009 428

Fairfield Norte?os, Solano County District Attorney 428

Swan Bloods, Florencia 13, Main Street Crips, and 7-Trey Hustlers Gangster Crips (Los Angeles Case BC415694),June 12, 2009 429

People v. Deep South Side Nortenos (Case 642033 (South Modesto) Stanislaus County), July 1, 2010 429

People v. Monrovia Nuevo Varrio and Duroc Crips (Case BC423490 Los Angeles County), October 9, 2009 429

Inland Empire Black Rag Mafia: Not Sought 431

Hard Times Gang (OC Case 30-2009- 00325327 Garden Grove Gang Injunction), December 3, 2009 431

Adelanto's Brown Pride Gang (CIVVS908103 San Bernardino County), December 17, 2009 432

Chapter 14 Gang Injunctions 2010 and Beyond 433

Year 2010 433

People v. North Side Oakland Gang (Alameda Case), February 2010 433

People v. Jeffrey Street Gang (Orange Co.Case 30-2010-00363220), April 15, 2010 434

People v. Westside Gang (San Diego Case 37-2009-00061924), May 22, 2010 435

People v. Diablos Gang (San Diego Case 37-2009-00061923), May 22, 2010 435

People v. Center Street Gang (San Diego Case 37-2010-00051319), May 24, 2010 436

April 22, 2010, Santa Barbara Considering Injunctions 437

People v. Central City Skid Row Gangs (Grape St. and Others) (Los Angeles Case BC435316), April 7, 2010 438

People v. Metro Transit Assassins Gang (Ls Angeles Case BC44003), June 21, 2010 438

People v. Down Below Gangsters and Towerside Gang (San Francisco Case CG-C-10-502262), August 5, 2010 438

People v. South Side Indio Gang (Riverside Case INC10010946), November 2010 439

Chapter 15 Gang Injunctions Outside California 441

Texas 441

Austin, Texas 441

San Antonio, Texas—Lincoln Court Gangsters and Lincoln Court Kings 442

El Paso, Texas—Barrio Azteca 443

Wichita Falls, Texas—Varrio Carnales 444

Utah 447

Minnesota 448

Tennessee 449

Chapter 16 How Many Gangs, Gang Members, and Gang Injunctions Are There? 451

Synopsis of County Analysis 477

Chapter 17 Gang Injunctions, Gang Abatement, and the Law 479

Case Law: City of Chicago v. Morales, 119

S.Ct. 1849. (Chicago Antiloitering Ordinance) 479

Case Law: People v. Gonzales, 910 P.2d 1366 (Cal. 1996) 480

Case Law: People v. Acuna (Cal. App. 1995), April 24, 1995 481

Case Law: People ex rel. Gallo v. Acuna (1997), 14 Cal. 4th 1090 481

Issue of Procedural Due Process 483

Issue of Vagueness 485

Issue of Overbreadth 488

Issue of Right to Free Association 489

Issue of Free Speech 492

Case Law: In Re Englebrecht, 67 Cal. App. 486, 1998 494

Case Law: lraheta v. Superior Court of LA, 70 Cal. App. 4th 1500, 1999 496

Yolo Appeal Goes to Court 497

Gang Abatement and Prevention Act of 2007 500

Orange Varrio Cypress Case 30-2009-00118739, filed May 14, 2009 504

Gang Abatement and Prevention Act of 2009 505

Yolo County Decision (Case CV CV 04-002085), March 29, 2011 506

Due Process Case: Manuel Vasquez, et al. v.Tony Rackaukas, et al. (SACV 09-1090-VBF),April 1,2011 509

The State Case Synopsis 509

The Federal Case 511

Chapter 18 Gang Abatement Program Elements 513

Step 1: Select Addresses for Inspection 514

Step 2: Conduct Inspections 515

Step 3: Prepare Case Information 516

Step 4: Case Processing 517

Step 5: Reinspection, Case Closing,and Assessment 517

Abatement Laws by State Examples 518

Arkansas 518

California 518

Florida 519

Georgia 520

Illinois 520

Indiana 520

Iowa 521

Kansas 521

Louisiana 521

Minnesota 522

Mississippi 522

Missouri 523

North Carolina 523

Ohio 523

South Carolina 524

Tennessee 524

Texas 525

Virginia 525

Washington 525

Wisconsin 526

Chapter 19 Graffiti Abatement 527

Vandalism Impact 527

Taggers vs. Gangsters 530

Police Response 535

Suppression 536

Gang Injunctions 536

Prevention Techniques 537

Intervention with Vandals 538

Lockup Aerosol Spray Paint Containers and Marker Paints 538

Glass Etching Cream/Product Display under Lock and Key 540

Clean Up Graffiti Right Away—After It Has Been Documented 541

Educating Parents and the Community 543

Graffiti Reward Programs 544

Legal Locations to Do Graffiti 545

Graffiti Hotlines 545

Vandalism and the Media/Antigraffiti Propaganda 546

Vandalism Prosecution 547

Aggregation of Damages: Graffiti Tracker Databases 548

Damage or Cost Experts: Proof of Amount of Damages 549

Establishing a Lack of Permission 550

Restitution 551

Suspension of License 552

Antigraffiti Murals 552

Removal of Graffiti by Inmates 553

Property Damage and Parental Responsibility 553

Damage of Property Used for Religious or Educational Purposes 554

Community Service as Condition of Probation for Offense Involving Graffiti 555

Defacing Private Residences, Offices, Businesses, or Commercial Property 555

Chapter 20 Private Property Owners' Role and Liability,CPTED, and Crime-Free Multihousing 557

Crime-Free Multihousing Program 557

Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) 560

Improve Surveillance 563

Improve Access Controls 564

Increase Defensible Space 565

Crime-Free Leases (Sample): It's Worth the Effort 565

Verify the Information Given 567

Communication Is the Key 568

Three-Phase Program 569

Phase 1 570

Phase 2 571

Phase 3 571

Full Certification 572

The Crime-Free Hotel/Motel Program 572

Training Coordinators 574

Neighborhood Watch 574

Controlling Gangs 575

Eviction Process 578

Three-Day Notices 578

Failure to Pay Rent: Notice to Pay or Quit 578

Violations of Rental Agreement/Property Damage to Premises: Notice to Perform Covenant or Quit or Notice to Quit 578

Thirty-Day Notices 579

The Unlawful Detainer Procedure 579

Eviction Service and Procedures 580

Bibliography 581

Index 603