Family law in the world communityPDF电子书下载

Part One Family Formation, Regulation, and Dissolution 3

Chapter 1 Introduction to the Study of Family Law in the World Community 3

A. An Introduction to Comparative Law 3

1. Why Study Comparative Law? 4

Nora V. Demleitner, Combating Legal Ethnocentrism 8

Problem 1-1 10

2. What Is Comparative Family Law? 11

John C. Reitz, How to Do Comparative Law 11

Shirley S. Abrahamson & Michael J. Fischer, All the World's a Courtroom: Judging in the New Millennium 18

Problem 1-2 19

Marckx v. Belgium 20

Notes and Questions 20

Johan Meeusen, Judicial Disapproval of Discrimination against Illegitimate Children 28

B. An Introduction to International Law 30

1. Overview of International Law 31

a. Sources of International Law 31

b. Explicit Agreements 32

Frederic L. Kirgis, International Agreements and U.S. Law 40

Notes 42

c. Customary International Law 43

d. General Principles of International Law 45

Notes and Questions 47

Problem 1-3 48

Notes 50

e. Enforcing Human Rights Norms in U.S. Courts 51

Kenneth Roth, The Charade of U.S. Ratification of International Human Rights Treaties 51

Note 53

Jack Goldsmith, Should International Human Rights Law Trump U.S. Domestic Law 53

Problem 1-4 56

Notes 56

2. International Institutions 58

a. United Nations 59

b. The Hague Conference on Private International Law 61

c. Council of Europe 62

L. v. Finland 66

Notes and Questions 72

d. European Union 77

e. Organization of American States 80

f. African Union 83

Problem 1-5 86

Notes and Questions 87

Chapter 2 Regulation of Marriage 89

A. The Importance of Marriage 89

Claude Levi-Strauss, The Family, in Man, Culture, and Society 89

Joan A. Metge, Marriage in Modern Maori Society 90

B. The Power to Regulate Marriage 92

1. Customary Law 92

David L. Chambers, Civilizing the Natives: Customary Marriage in Post-Apartheid South Africa 93

Notes and Questions 95

Suen Toi Lee v. Yau Yee Ping 98

Problem 2-1 99

Kalyton v. Kalyton 100

Notes and Questions 102

Janet Kabeberi-Macharia & Celestine Nyamu, Marriage by Affidavit: Developing Alternative Laws on Cohabitation in Kenya 102

2. Religious Law 104

In re Marriage ofVryonis 107

Notes and Questions 110

3. Constitutional Law 113

a. Constitutional Allocation of Power between the Legislative Branches 113

b. Constitutional Allocation of Power between the Judiciaries 114

Notes and Questions 116

4. International Law 116

Universal Declaration of Human Rights [UDHR] 116

1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery 117

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women 118

Fact Sheet No. 23, Harmful Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children, Office of the High Commission for Human Rights 119

Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women 120

Report of the Committee on Progress Achieved in the Implementation of the Convention: Note by the Secretariat 120

Notes and Questions 121

Problem 2-2 122

C. Procedural Requirements for Entry into Marriage 123

1. France: Age, Consent, Banns, and Compulsory Civil Ceremony 123

The French Civil Code (1804) 123

Civil Code of Quebec, Book Two 125

Notes and Questions 126

Karl August Prinz Von Sachsen-Gessaphe, Concubinage in Mexico 127

2. The Importance of Formalities 128

Chief Adjudication Officer v. Kirpal Kaur Bath 128

Notes and Questions 130

D. Mail-Order Marriages 131

1. The Factual Background 132

Robert J. Scholes & Anchalee Phataralaoha, The "Mail-Order Bride" Industry and Its Impact on U.S. Immigration 132

Suzanne H. Jackson, Marriages of Convenience: International Marriage Brokers, "Mail-Order Brides," and Domestic Servitude 133

Notes and Questions 134

Kerry Abrams, Immigration Law and the Regulation of Marriage 134

Robert J. Scholes & Anchalee Phataralaoha, The "Mail-Order Bride" Industry and Its Impact on U.S. Immigration 135

2. Legal Responses of Countries of Destination 137

Suzanne H. Jackson, Marriages of Convenience: International Marriage Brokers, "Mail-Order Brides," and Domestic Servitude 137

3. Legal Responses of Countries of Origin 139

Republic Act No. 6955 (1990) 139

Republic Act No. 9208 (2003) 140

Notes and Questions 141

4. International Legal Responses 142

a. Discrimination against Women 142

CEDAW General Recommendation No. 21,?? 16 142

b. Trafficking 143

Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime 143

Notes and Questions 143

c. Slavery 144

Problem 2-4 144

Chapter Three Dissolution of Marriage: A Continuing Conundrum 147

A. Historical Origins of Western Law of Dissolution: From Customary to Religious to State Control 148

Mary Ann Glendon, The Transformation of Family Law 148

Notes and Questions 153

Notes and Questions 155

B. Contemporary Divorce Reform 156

1. Modern Divorce Reform in the United States 156

Riley v. Riley 158

Mo. Ann. Stat. 452.320 160

La. Rev. Stat. Ann 9:307 161

Problem 3-1 163

2. Divorce Reform in England 164

Matrimonial Causes Act, 1973, c.18 165

Problem 3-2 168

Notes and Questions 168

3. Divorce Reform in the Republic of Ireland 170

Article 41 ?The Family 172

McA v. McA 173

Problem 3-3 175

Notes and Questions 176

4. A Glimpse of Divorce Reform Around Europe-And Around the World 179

a. Western Europe 179

Notes and Questions 182

b. East Asia 184

Notes and Questions 188

c. Africa 189

5. The Debate Continues 189

C. The Intersection of Religion and the State in Contemporary Regulation of Divorce 191

1. Nations Delegating Exclusive Control of Civil Marital Status to the State 192

Williams v. Williams 192

Note 193

Avitzur v. Avitzur 194

Notes and Questions 195

Marcovitz v. Bruker 198

Notes and Questions 201

2. Nations Regulating Termination of Marriage through Religious Norms or Institutions 203

a. Unitary Systems and Islamic Law 203

b. Pluralistic Personal Law Systems 206

Notes and Questions 206

Problem 3-4 209

Problem 3-5 210

Chapter 4 Domestic Partnerships and Same-Sex Marriage 211

A. Domestic Partnerships 211

Kelly Kollman, Same-Sex Unions: The Globalization of an Idea 211

Notes and Questions 213

Pacte Civil de Solidarite 215

Notes and Questions 216

Problem 4-1 218

B. Same-Sex Marriage 219

Notes and Questions 221

Minister of Home Affairs and Another v. Fourie 224

In re Marriage Cases 230

Notes and Questions 232

Civil Marriage Act 234

Government Gazette, Republic of South Africa 236

Notes and Questions 237

Problem 4-2 238

C. International Human Rights and Same-Sex Couples 239

1. The European Court of Human Rights 239

Application No. 40016/98 Karner v. Austria 239

2. European Union 240

Arthur S. Leonard, European Court Victory for Same-Sex Partners 241

3. Organization of American States 242

4. United Nations Human Rights System 243

Introduction to the Yogyakarta Principles 244

Problem 4-3 246

Chapter 5 Recognition of Foreign Marriages and Divorces 247

A. Recognition of Marriages and Alternative Partnerships 247

Leszinske v. Poole 248

People v. Ezeonu 250

Farah v. Farah 251

Notes and Questions 253

American Airlines, Inc. v. Mejia 260

Notes and Questions 262

Problems 265

B. Recognition of Foreign Marriage Dissolutions and Related Orders 267

1. Status Termination 267

Maklad v. Maklad 267

In the Matter of the Estate of Ian A. Pringle 269

Notes and Questions 271

T.T.v. K.A. 277

2. Property Division and Alimony 278

Aleem v. Aleem 278

Notes and Questions 280

Problems 288

Chapter 6 Violence between Family Members 291

A. Violence and Context 291

1. Differences 292

2. Similarities 295

Jeffrey Fagan & Angela Brown, Violence between Spouses and Intimates: Physical Aggression between Women and Men in Intimate Relationships 295

INS Asylum and Withholding Definitions 295

World Health Organization, The World Report on Violence and Health 296

Report of the Secretary General, In-Depth Study on All Forms of Violence against Women 296

World Health Organization, Preventing Violence: A Guide to Implementing the Recommendations of the World Report on Violence and Health 296

B. Family Violence as a Human Rights Issue in the United Nations' System 297

1. Traditional Human Rights Approaches 297

Dorothy Q. Thomas 8c Michele E. Beasley, Domestic Violence as a Human Rights Issue 297

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women 299

Jan Arno Hessbruegge, Human Rights Violations Arising From Conduct of Non-State Actors 299

The Due Diligence Standard as a Tool for the Elimination of Violence against Women 301

Notes and Questions 302

2. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women 304

Sally Engle Merry, Constructing a Global Law-Violence against Women and the Human Rights System 305

Goekce v. Austria 306

Notes and Questions 311

San Francisco, Ca., 1 Admin. Code ch. 12K, ?12K.3(b) 313

3. Convention against Torture 313

a. State Responsibility for Private Acts 314

Ali v. Reno 314

Notes and Questions 316

b. Torture 318

Rhonda Copelon, Recognizing the Egregious in the Everyday: Domestic Violence as Torture 319

Notes and Questions 319

4. Platforms for Action, Declarations, and Reports of the Special Rapporteur 322

Berta Esperanza Hernandez-Truyol, Sex, Culture, and Rights: A Re/Conceptualization of Violence for the Twenty-First Century 322

Notes and Questions 323

C. Regional Approaches 325

1. Convention of Belem do Para 325

Maria da Penha Maia Fernandes 326

Notes and Questions 334

2. European Convention on Human Rights 341

Z and Others v. United Kingdom 341

Bevacqua and S. v. Bulgaria 342

Notes and Questions 346

3. Maputo Protocol 349

4. Arab Charter on Human Rights 350

D. Customary International Law 350

Rhonda Copelon, Recognizing the Egregious in the Everyday: Domestic Violence as Torture 350

Notes and Questions 351

Problem 6-1 353

E. Expanding the Analysis 353

1. Female Genital Mutilation: The Practice 353

Fact Sheet No. 23, Harmful Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children 354

2. The Universality of Human Rights 357

Katherine Brennan, Note, The Influence of Cultural Relativism on International Human Rights Law: Female Circumcision as a Case Study 357

Makau Mutua, Savages, Victims, and Saviors: The Metaphor of Human Rights 358

Douglas Lee Donoho, Relativism Versus Universalism in Human Rights: The Search for Meaningful Standards 358

Justice Albie Sachs, Introduction to The Changing Family: International Perspectives on the Family and Family Law 359

Sally Engle Merry, Constructing a Global Law-Violence against Women and the Human Rights System 360

Notes and Questions 360

3. National Legal Responses 364

a. Egypt's Approach 364

Susan A. Dillon, Comment, Yoni in the Land of Isis: Female Genital Mutilation Is Banned (Again) in Egypt 364

Notes and Questions 367

b. The United States' Approach 369

Problem 6-2 371

Adoption of Peggy 371

Notes and Questions 372

In re R-A 374

Islam v. Secretary of State for the Home Dep't 378

Notes and Questions 380

Asylum 8c Withholding Definitions 383

Problem 6-3 385

Part Two Rights and Responsibilities of Parents, Children, and the State 389

Chapter 7 Custody: A Comparative Prologue 389

A. Decision-Makers and Private Ordering 390

B. Determining "Best Interests"-Permissible Factors and Considerations 394

1. Gender 395

Bolaji Owasanoye, The Regulation of Child Custody and Access in Nigeria 399

Note 400

Problem 7-1 401

Problem 7-2 401

Notes and Questions 403

D. Marianne Blair & Merle H. Weiner, Resolving Parental Custody Disputes-A Comparative Exploration 403

2. Religion 405

Hoffmann v. Austria 406

Notes and Questions 409

3. Race 413

Van de Perre v. Edwards 414

Notes and Questions 421

4. Children's Preferences 422

C v. Finland 424

Notes and Questions 427

Problem 7-3 429

Chapter 8 Child Abduction, Jurisdiction, and Enforcement in International Custody Disputes 431

A. The Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction 432

1. Wrongful Removal and Retention 433

a. Habitual Residence 433

Mozes v. Mozes 433

Notes and Questions 439

Problem 8-1 440

Problem 8-2 441

b. Rights of Custody 443

Whallon v. Lynn 443

Notes and Questions 446

Croll v. Croll 449

Notes and Questions 455

Problem 8-3 458

c. Actual Exercise 458

Friedrich v. Friedrich 458

Notes and Questions 461

2. The Defenses 461

a. Grave Risk of Harm 461

Blondin v. Dubois 461

Blondin v. Dubois 464

Blondin v. Dubois 469

Notes and Questions 471

b. Children's Objection to Return 480

England v. England 480

Notes and Questions 483

c. Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 486

Freier v. Freier 487

Notes and Questions 488

d. Consent or Acquiescence to the Removal 489

In re Ponath 489

Notes and Questions 490

e. One Year Elapsed from the Date of Wrongful Removal 491

Wojcik v. Wojcik 491

Lops v. Lops 494

Notes and Questions 497

Problems 499

B. Jurisdiction in International Custody Disputes and Enforcement of Foreign Orders 500

1. U.S. Domestic Law 501

a. Jurisdictional Bases, Forum Non Conveniens, and Simultaneous Proceedings 502

In re Marriage of Reeman and Vikas Sareen 502

Notes and Questions 506

Problems 514

b. Modification and Enforcement Proceedings 515

White v. Harrison - White 516

Note and Questions 519

Susan L. v. Steven L. 521

Notes and Questions 524

Hosain v. Malik 528

Notes and Questions 537

Problems 540

2. International Conventions 542

a. 1996 Convention for the Protection of Children 542

Problems 544

Notes 545

b. Regional Conventions and Regulations 545

Notes 547

C. Other Remedies to Prevent or Respond to Abduction 549

1. Preventative Measures and Immediate Deterrence 549

Al-Silham v. Al-Silham 549

Notes and Questions 551

Long v. Ardestani 553

Notes and Questions 560

Patricia E. Apy, Managing Child Custody Cases Involving Non-Hague Contracting States 563

Notes 565

2. Sanctions and Tort Liability 567

a. International Parental Kidnaping Crime Act and Other Federal Sanctions 567

United States v. Fazal-Ur-Raheman-Fazal 567

Notes and Questions 571

b. Additional Remedies under State Lawz 576

Anyanwu v. Anyanwu 576

Notes and Questions 582

c. Self Help and Other Options 584

Patricia E. Apy, Managing Child Custody Cases Involving Non-Hague Contracting States 584

Notes and Questions 585

Chapter 9 Financial Support of Children 589

A. Who Must Support Children? 590

Chartier v. Chartier 590

John Eekelaar, Are Parents Morally Obliged to Care for Their Children? 594

Notes and Questions 596

Problem 9-1 599

B. Parent-State Relationship for the Support of Children 600

1. Income Transfers/Family Allowances 600

Notes and Questions 604

Problem 9-2 608

2. Child Support Assurance 608

Notes and Questions 609

Problem 9-3 611

3. Departing from the Guidelines 611

a. Parents' Ability to Opt-Out of the Child Support Guidelines 611

ⅰ. Absence of a Child Support Order 612

Close v. Close 613

Notes and Questions 614

Solangel Maldonado, Deadbeat or Deadbroke: Redefining Child Support for Poor Fathers 614

ⅱ. Private Agreements and Child Support Guidelines 616

Notes and Questions 618

Hyde v. Comm issioner of Inland Reven ue 619

b. Courts' Discretion to Depart from the Guidelines 621

Lyon v. Wilcox 621

Notes and Questions 624

Chapter 10 Establishing and Enforcing Child Support Orders Transnationally 627

A. U.S. Participation in International Agreements 628

1. Foreign Reciprocating Countries 628

2. State Reciprocity Arrangements 629

3. 2007 Hague Maintenance Convention 630

B. Establishing, Enforcing, and Modifying Child Support Orders in U.S. Tribunals on Behalf of Residents of Foreign Nations 632

1. Establishing an Initial Support Order 635

Gladis v. Gladisova 636

Notes 640

2. Simultaneous Proceedings 641

3. Enforcing a Foreign Order in a U.S. Tribunal 642

Country of Luxembourg, on Behalf of Ana Ribeiro v. Canderas 642

Notes and Questions 645

4. Modification Restrictions 653

Grave v. Shubert 654

Notes and Questions 655

C. Enforcing U.S. Support Orders Abroad 661

Problems 662

D. Multilateral Child Support Agreements around the Globe 665

Note 666

Chapter 11 Adoption: A Comparative Exploration 669

A. A Glimpse of Adoption across Time and Culture 670

Laura J. Schwartz, Models for Parenthood in Adoption Law: The French Conception 674

Note and Questions 675

B. Termination of Parental Rights 676

1. Giving and Revoking Voluntary Consent 677

N v. Health Service Executive 678

Notes and Questions 684

2. Rights of Putative Fathers 685

Lehr v. Robertson 686

Keegan v. Ireland 689

Notes and Questions 692

Problem 11-1 695

C. Maintaining Links with the Family of Origin 695

Cheskes v. Ontario 702

I.O'T. v. B. 705

Notes and Questions 708

Odievre v. France 711

Notes and Questions 713

Problem 11-2 714

Chapter 12 International Adoption 717

A. Intercountry Adoption: Benevolent Option or Last Resort? 718

Problem 12-1 720

Elizabeth Bartholet, International Adoption: Propriety, Prospects and Pragmatics 720

Twila Perry, Transracial and International Adoption: Mothers, Hierarchy, Race, and Feminist Legal Theory 724

Sara Dillon, Making Legal Regimes for Intercountry Adoption Reflect Human Rights Principles: Transforming the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child with the Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption 727

David M. Smolin, Intercountry Adoption and Poverty: A Human Rights Analysis 729

Susan R. Harris, Race, Search, and My Baby-Self: Reflections of a Transracial Adoptee 729

Susan Soon-Keum Cox, Ritual 731

Notes and Questions 732

D. Marianne Blair, Safeguarding the Interests of Children in Intercountry Adoption: Assessing the Gatekeepers 736

Notes and Questions 737

Problem 12-2 741

B. Regulation of International Adoption by International Conventions 742

1. U.N. Conventions 742

2. The Hague Intercountry Adoption Convention 744

a. Central Authorities 744

b. Accredited Agencies and Approved Persons 745

c. Convention Requirements for the Adoption Process 748

d. Recognition of Convention Adoptions and U.S. Certification Procedures 752

Notes and Questions 753

Problems 758

C. Adopting a Child from Abroad桾he Process 760

1. Role of Adoption Agencies and Lawyers 760

2. U.S. Immigration Requirements 763

a. Eligibility for Immediate Relative Status for an Orphan 764

Rogan v. Reno 765

Notes and Questions 767

b. Eligibility for Immediate Relative Status for a Hague Convention Adoption 769

Problem 12-6 770

Notes and Questions 770

c. Process for Obtaining Orphan and Convention Visas 771

Note 776

d. Eligibility and Process for Obtaining Immediate Relative Status as an Adopted Child 776

Kaho v. Ilchert 777

Notes and Questions 780

3. Citizenship 783

4. Adoption, Readoption, and Recognition of Foreign Orders in U.S. Courts 784

a. Initial Adoption in U.S. Court 784

b. Readoption in a U.S. Court 785

c. Recognition of Foreign Adoption Decrees by U.S. Courts 785

Problems 786

Chapter 13 Reproductive Rights 789

A. Reproductive Rights and Human Rights 789

1. International Population Issues 789

Reed Boland, Symposium on Population Law: The Environment, Population, and Women's Human Rights 791

Paula Abrams, Population Politics: Reproductive Rights and U.S. Asylum Policy 792

2. An Overview of Reproductive Rights 793

Barbara Stark, Reproductive Rights and Abortion 793

Barbara Stark, Crazy Jane Talks with the Bishop: Abortion in China, Germany, South Africa and International Human Rights 793

General Recommendation No. 24, Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women 796

Note and Question 797

3. The Protocol on the Rights of Women in Africa 797

Notes and Questions 798

B. State Natalist Policies 799

1. Pro-Natalist Policies 799

Notes and Questions 800

2. Anti-Natalist Policies 800

a. Iran 800

Janet Larsen, Iran's Birth Rate Plummeting at Record Pace: Success Provides a Model for Other Developing Countries 800

b. The People's Republic of China 802

Constitution of the People's Republic of China 803

Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China 803

Xiaorong Li, License to Coerce: Violence against Women, State Responsibility, and Legal Failures in China's Family-Planning Program 803

Population and Family Planning Law of the People's Republic of China 805

Information Office of The State Council of the People's Republic of China, Human Rights in China 806

Notes and Questions 808

Problem 13-1 811

Notes and Questions 811

More on Asylum 812

Notes and Questions 813

Problem 13-2 814

Problem 13-3 814

C. Abortion 815

Barbara Stark, Reproductive Rights and Abortion 815

Note and Questions 815

1. Municipal Approaches 816

a. Canada 816

b. El Salvador 818

c. Lebanon 819

Problem 13-4 820

Notes and Questions 820

2. Regional Approaches 821

a. Europe 821

b. The Americas 822

c. Africa 822

Notes and Questions 822

3. International Law 823

Notes and Questions 824

Chapter 14 Children's Human Rights within the Family 827

A. Convention on the Rights of the Child 827

Jaap E. Doek, What Does the Children's Convention Require? 828

Notes and Questions 833

Michael King, Against Children's Rights 835

B. Children's Rights in the United States and South Africa 836

1. Children's Rights in the United States 836

Barbara Bennett Woodhouse, The Constitutionalization of Children's Rights: Incorporating Emerging Human Rights into Constitutional Doctrine 836

Martin Guggenheim, Ratify the U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child, But Don't Expect Any Miracles 837

Notes and Questions 840

2. Children's Rights in South Africa 841

Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 841

Tshepo L. Mosikatsana, Children's Rights and Family Autonomy in the South African Context: A Comment on Children's Rights under the Final Constitution 842

Julia Sloth-Nielsen, Chicken Soup or Chainsaws: Some Implications of the Constitutionalisation of Children's Rights in South Africa 843

Notes and Questions 844

Government of the Republic of South Africa v. Grootboom 847

Notes and Questions 862

C. Corporal Punishment 865

1. The Committee's General Comment 865

The Committee's General Comment on Corporal Punishment 865

2. The Special Expert's Report 868

Paulo Sergio Penheiro, World Report on Violence against Children 868

3. Domestic Law and Law Reform Efforts 869

Penny Booth, The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Punishment of Children under English Law-Public and Private Vices? 869

Katie Sykes, Bambi Meets Godzilla: Children's and Parent's Rights in Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law 870

Penny Booth, The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Punishment of Children under English Law-Public and Private Vices? 872

Notes and Questions 874

Committee on the Rights of the Child, Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties 875

Note and Questions 876

Committee on the CRC-Comments on State Reports Regarding Corporal Punishment 876

Notes and Questions 878

Index 881