INTERNATIONAL CIVIL TRIBUMALS AND ARMED CONFLICTPDF电子书下载

Part One The Involvement of International Civil Tribunals in Armed Conflict 3

Chapter One The Role of International Civil Tribunals 3

1.1.Purposes Served 5

1.2.Difficulties Encountered 9

Chapter Two Prior Cases Concerning Armed Conflict 13

2.1.Arbitrations during the 19th Century 13

2.2.The Hague Peace Conferences 16

2.3.The Post-World War Ⅰ System 19

2.4.The Post-World War Ⅱ System 23

2.5.Initial ICJ Cases Involving Armed Conflict 28

2.6.Assessment 30

Chapter Three Involvement of Civil Tribunals in the Current Period 33

3.1.The Central American Conflict 33

3.2.The Iran-Iraq War 36

3.3.The Gulf War 39

3.4.The Conflict in Yugoslavia 41

3.5.Territorial Disputes 48

3.6.The Conflict in the Congo 50

3.7.The Eritrea-Ethiopia Conflict 53

3.8.The Arab-Israeli Conflict 55

3.9.The Conflict in Sudan 57

3.10.The Conflict in Georgia 58

3.11.Italian Suits against Germany 59

3.12.Use of Nuclear Weapons 60

3.13.Assessment 61

Part Two The Process of Deciding Cases Involving Armed Conflict 65

Chapter FourJurisdiction 65

4.1.The International Court of Justice 66

4.1.1.Declarations under Article 36（2） 67

4.1.2.Treaty Provisions Consenting Generally to the Court’s Jurisdiction 73

4.1.3.Treaty Provisions Consenting to Jurisdiction over Disputes under That Treaty 74

4.1.4.Cases Brought with the Specific Consent of the Parties to the Dispute 83

4.1.5.Advisory Cases 84

4.2.Other Tribunals 87

4.2.1.The UN Compensation Commission 87

4.2.2.The Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission 88

4.3.Assessment 91

Chapter FiveAdmissibility 95

5.1.Objections to Claims 96

5.2.Objections to Counter-Claims 104

5.3.Advisory Cases 108

5.4.Assessment 114

Chapter SixProvisional Measures 117

6.1.The Framework for Provisional Measures 118

6.2.Types of Provisional Measures 126

6.3.Relationship to Political Processes 136

6.4.Assessment 145

Chapter SevenDetermining the Facts on the Merits 149

7.1.The Burden and Standard of Proof 151

7.2.Forms of Evidence 159

7.3.Reliance on Other Fact-Finders 173

7.4.Independent Tribunal Fact-Finding 179

7.5.Assessment 182

Chapter Eight Adjudicating the Law on the Merits 185

8.1.Contentious Cases 186

8.2.Advisory Cases 194

8.3.Articulation of the Law 197

8.4.What Substantive Issues the Tribunal Addresses 198

8.5.Interaction among Tribunals 201

8.6.Interaction with Non-Judicial Organs 204

8.7.Assessment 209

Chapter Nine Determining Relief 211

9.1.Legal Findings 213

9.2.Remedial Actions 218

9.3.Compensation 224

9.4.Assessment 244

Part Three Substantive Law Concerning Armed Conflict 249

Chapter Ten Resort to Force 249

10.1.Response to Attacks by the Forces of Another State 251

10.2.Support or Tolerance of Non-State Groups 256

10.3.Collective Response to Attacks 262

10.4.Necessity and Proportionality in the Use of Force 264

10.5.Involvement of the Security Council 271

10.6.Issues Not Decided 273

10.7.Assessment 279

Chapter Eleven Law of Armed Conflict 281

11.1.Applicability of Agreements 282

11.2.Conduct of Military Operations 289

11.3.Treatment of Persons 295

11.4.Responsibility for the Actions of Others 306

11.5.Assessment 310

Chapter Twelve Application of Other Legal Norms 313

12.1.Genocide 314

12.2.Human Rights Obligations 323

12.3.Protection of Diplomats 332

12.4.Commercial Agreements 336

12.5.Assessment 339

Chapter Thirteen Territorial Status 341

13.1.Secession 341

13.2.Territorial Claims 345

13.3.Occupied Territory 350

13.4.Assessment 362

Conclusion 363

Selected Bibliography 371

Index 381