大学物理学PDF电子书下载

1 INTRODUCTION，MEASUREMENT，ESTIMATING 1

1-1 The Nature of Science 1

1-2 Models，Theories，and Laws 3

1-3 Measurement and Uncertainty；Significant Figures 3

1-4 Units，Standards，and the SI System 5

1-5 Converting Units 7

1-6 Order of Magnitude：Rapid Estimating 8

1-7 Dimensions and Dimensional Analysis 11

SUMMARY 12

QUESTIONS 12

PROBLEMS 13

GENERAL PROBLEMS 14

2 DESCRIBING MOTION：KINEMA-TICS IN ONE DIMENSION 16

2-1 Reference Frames and Displacement 17

2-2 Average Velocity 18

2-3 Instantaneous Velocity 19

2-4 Acceleration 22

2-5 Motion at Constant Acceleration 25

2-6 Solving Problems 27

2-7 Falling Objects 30

2-8 Use of Calculus；Variable Acceleration 34

SUMMARY 36

QUESTIONS 36

PROBLEMS 37

GENERAL PROBLEMS 41

3 KINEMATICS IN TWO DIMENSIONS；VECTORS 44

3-1 Vectors and Scalars 44

3-2 Addition of Vectors—Graphical Methods 45

3-3 Subtraction of Vectors，and Multiplication of a Vector by a Sealar 46

3-4 Adding Vectors by Components 47

3-5 Unit Vectors 51

3-6 Vector Kinematics 52

3-7 Projectile Motion 54

3-8 Solving Problems involving Projectile Motion 56

3-9 Uniform Circular Motion 62

3-10 Relative Velocity 64

SUMMARY 67

QUESTIONS 68

PROBLEMS 69

GENERAL PROBLEMS 74

4 DYNAMICS：NEWTON'S LAWS OF MOTION 77

4-1 Force 77

4-2 Newton's First Law of Motion 78

4-3 Mass 79

4-4 Newton's Second Law of Motion 79

4-5 Newton's Third Law of Motion 82

4-6 Weight—the Force of Gravity；and the Normal Force 85

4-7 Solving Problems with Newton's Laws：Free-Body Diagrams 88

4-8 Problem Solving—A General Approach 94

SUMMARY 95

QUESTIONS 96

PROBLEMS 97

GENERAL PROBLEMS 102

5 FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF NEWTON'S LAWS 105

5-1 Applications of Newton's Laws Involving Friction 105

5-2 Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion 113

5-3 Highway Curves，Banked and Unbanked 116

5-4 Nonumform Circular Motion 119

5-5 Velocity-Dependent Forces；Terminal Velocity 120

SUMMARY 122

QUESTIONS 122

PROBLEMS 123

GENERAL PROBLEMS 128

6 GRAVITATION AND NEWTON'S SYNTHESIS 132

6-1 Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation 132

6-2 Satellites and“Weightlessness” 136

6-3 Kepler's Laws and Newton's Synthesis 140

6-4 Gravitational Field 143

6-5 Types of Forces in Nature 144

6-6 Gravitational Versus Inertial Mass；the Principle of Equivalence 144

6-7 Gravitation as Curvature of Space；Black Holes 145

QUESTIONS 146

7 WORK AND ENERGY 147

7-1 Work Done by a Constant Force 147

7-2 Scalar Product of Two Vectors 151

7-3 Work Done by a Varying Force 152

7-4 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Principle 156

7-5 Kinetic Energy at Very High Speed 160

SUMMARY 161

QUESTIONS 161

PROBLEMS 162

GENERAL PROBLEMS 166

8 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 168

8-1 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces 168

8-2 Potential Energy 170

8-3 Mechanical Energy and Its Conservation 174

8-4 Problem Solving Using Conserva-tion of Mechanical Energy 175

8-5 The Law of Conservation of Energy 181

8-6 Energy Conservation with Dissipa-tive Forces：Solving Problems 182

8-7 Gravitational Potential Energy and Escape Velocity 184

8-8 Power 186

8-9 Potential Energy Diagrams；Stable and Unstable Equilibrium 189

SUMMARY 190

QUESTIONS 191

PROBLEMS 192

GENERAL PROBLEMS 197

9 LINEAR MOMENTUM AND COLLISIONS 200

9-1 Momentum and Its Relation to Force 200

9-2 Conservation of Momentum 202

9-3 Collisions and Impulse 205

9-4 Conservation of Energy and Momentum in Collisions 208

9-5 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension 208

9-6 Inelastic Collisions 211

9-7 Collisions in Two or Three Dimensions 213

9-8 Center of Mass（CM） 214

9-9 Center of Mass and Translational Motion 219

9-10 Systems of Variable Mass；Rocket Propulsion 221

SUMMARY 223

QUESTIONS 224

PROBLEMS 225

GENERAL PROBLEMS 231

10 ROTATIONAL MOTION ABOUT A FIXED AXIS 234

10-1 Angular Quantities 235

10-2 Kinematic Equations for Uniformly Accelerated Rotational Motion 238

10-3 Rolling Motion（without slipping） 239

10-4 Vector Nature of Angular Quantities 241

10-5 Torque 241

10-6 Rotational Dynamics；Torque and Rotational Inertia 243

10-7 Solving Problems in Rotational Dynamics 245

10-8 Determining Moments of Inertia 248

10-9 Angular Momentum and Its Conservation 251

10-10 Rotational Kinetic Energy 254

10-11 Rotational Plus Translational Motion；Rolling 256

10-12 Why Does a Rolling Sphere Slow Down？ 262

SUMMARY 263

QUESTIONS 264

PROBLEMS 265

GENERAL PROBLEMS 271

11 GENERAL ROTATION 275

11-1 Vector Cross Product 275

11-2 The Torque Vector 276

11-3 Angular Momentum of a Particle 277

11-4 Angular Momentum and Torque for a System of Particles；General Motion 278

11-5 Angular Momentum and Torque for a Rigid Body 280

11-6 Rotational Imbalance 283

11-7 Conservation of Angular Momentum 284

11-8 The Spinning Top 286

11-9 Rotating Frames of Reference；Inertial Forces 287

11-10 The Coriolis Effect 288

SUMMARY 290

QUESTIONS 291

PROBLEMS 291

GENERAL PROBLEMS 295

12 OSCILATIONS 297

12-1 Oscillations of a Spring 297

12-2 Simple Harmonic Motion 299

12-3 Energy in the Simple Harmonic Oscillator 304

12-4 Simple Harmonic Motion Related to Uniform Circular Motion 306

12-5 The Simple Pendulum 307

12-6 The Physical Pendulum and the Torsion Pendulum 308

12-7 Damped Harmonic Motion 310

12-8 Forced Vibrations；Resonance 313

SUMMARY 315

QUESTIONS 316

PROBLEMS 317

GENERAL PROBLEMS 322

13 WAVE MOTION 325

13-1 Characteristics of Wave Motion 326

13-2 Wave Types 327

13-3 Energy Transported by Waves 331

13-4 Mathematical Representation of a Traveling Wave 332

13-5 The Wave Equation 335

13-6 The Principle of Superposition 337

13-7 Reflection and Transmission 338

13-8 Intefference 339

13-9 Standing Waves；Resonance 341

13-10 Refraction 344

13-11 Diffraction 345

SUMMARY 346

QUESTIONS 347

PROBLEMS 347

GENERAL PROBLEMS 351

14 SOUND 354

14-1 Characteristics of Sound 354

14-2 Intensity of Sound；Decibels 356

14-3 Interference of Sound Waves；Beats 359

14-4 Doppler Effect 361

14-5 Shock Wayes and the Sonic Boom 365

14-6 Applications；Sonar，Ultrasound and Ultrasound Imaging 366

SUMMARY 367

QUESTIONS 368

PROBLEMS 368

GENERAL PROBLEMS 371

15 TEMPERATURE AND THE IDEAL GAS LAW 373

15-1 Atomic Theory of Matter 374

15-2 Thermal Equilibrium and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 375

15-3 The Gas Laws and Absolute Temperature 375

15-4 The Ideal Gas Law 377

15-5 Problem Solving with the Ideal Gas Law 378

15-6 Ideal Gas Law inTerms of Molecules：Avogadro's Number 379

15-7 Ideal Gas Temperature Scale—a Standard 380

SUMMARY 381

QUESTIONS 382

PROBLEMS 382

GENERAL PROBLEMS 383

16 KINETIC THEORY OF GASES 384

16-1 The Ideal Gas Law and the Molecul-ar Interpretation of Temperature 384

16-2 Distribution of Molecular Speeds 388

16-3 Real Gases and Changes of Phase 390

16-4 Vapor Pressure and Humidity 392

16-5 Van der Waals Equation of State 394

16-6 Mean Free Path 396

16-7 Diffusion 397

SUMMARY 398

QUESTIONS 399

PROBLEMS 400

GENERAL PROBLEMS 402

17 HEAT AND THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 404

17-1 Heat as Energy Transfer 404

17-2 Internal Energy 406

17-3 Specific Heat 407

17-4 The First Law of Thermodynamics 407

17-5 Applying the First Law of Thermodvnamics：Calculating the Work 409

17-6 Molar Specific Heats for Gases，and the Equipartition of Energy 412

17-7 Adiabatic Expansion of a Gas 416

17-8 Heat Transfer：Conduction，Convection，Radiation 417

SUMMARY 422

QUESTIONS 423

PROBLEMS 424

GENERAL PROBLEMS 427

18 SECOND LAW OF THERMOD-YNAMICS 429

18-1 The Second Law ofThermodynamics—Introduction 429

18-2 Heat Engines 430

18-3 Reversible and Irreversible Processes；the Carnot Engine 433

18-4 Refrigerators，Air Conditioners，and Heat Pumps 438

18-5 Entropy 440

18-6 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 441

18-7 Order to Disorder 445

18-8 Energy Availability；Heat Death 446

18-9 Statistical Interpretation of Entropy and the Second Law 446

18-10 Thermodynamic Temperature Scale；Absolute Zero，and the Third Law of Thermodynamics 448

SUMMARY 449

QUESTIONS 450

PROBLEMS 451

GENERAL PROBLEMS 454

19 ELECTRIC CHARGE AND ELECTRIC FIELD 456

19-1 Static Electricity；Electric Charge and Its Conservation 456

19-2 Electric Charge in the Atom 457

19-3 Insulators and Conductors 458

19-4 Induced Charge；the Electroscope 459

19-5 Coulomb's Law 460

19-6 The Electric Field 464

19-7 Electric Field Calculations for Continuous Charge Distributions 468

19-8 Field Lines 471

19-9 Electric Fields and Conductors 473

19-10 Motion of a Charged Particle in an Electric Field 474

19-11 Electric Dipoles 475

SUMMARY 477

QUESTIONS 478

PROBLEMS 479

GENERAL PROBLEMS 483

20 GAUSS'S LAW 486

20-1 Electric Flux 487

20-2 Gauss's Law 489

20-3 Applications of Gauss's Law 491

20-4 Experimental Basis of Gauss's and Coulomb's Law 496

SUMMARY 496

QUESTIONS 497

PROBLEMS 498

GENERAL PROBLEMS 500

21 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL 502

21-1 Electric Potential and Potential Difference 502

21-2 Relation Between Electric Potential and Electric Field 505

21-3 Electric Potential Due to Point Charges 507

21-4 Potential Due to Any Charge Distribution 510

21-5 Equipotential Surfaces 511

21-6 Electric Dipoles 512

21-7 E Determined from V 513

21-8 Electrostatic Potential Energy；the Electron Volt 515

21-9 Cathode Ray Tube：TV and Computer Monitors，Oscilloscope 516

SUMMARY 518

QUESTIONS 518

PROBLEMS 519

GENERAL PROBLEMS 522

22 CAPACITANCE，DIELECTRICS，ELECTRIC ENERGY STORAGE 525

22-1 Capacitors 525

22-2 Determination of Capacitance 526

22-3 Capacitors in Series and Parallel 529

22-4 Electric Energy Storage 532

22-5 Dielectrics 533

22-6 Molecular Description of Dielectrics 536

SUMMARY 539

QUESTIONS 539

PROBLEMS 540

GENERAL PROBLEMS 544

23 ELECTRIC CURRENTS AND RESISTANCE 547

23-1 The Electric Battery 548

23-2 Electric Current 549

23-3 Ohm's Law：Resistance and Resistors 550

23-4 Resistivity 553

23-5 Electric Power 554

23-6 Alternating Current 555

23-7 Microscopic View of Electric Current：Current Density and Drift Velocity 556

23-8 Superconductivity 559

SUMMARY 560

QUESTIONS 561

PROBLEMS 562

GENERAL PROBLEMS 564

24 DC CIRCUITS 565

24-1 EMF and Terminal Voltage 566

24-2 Resistors in Series and in Parallel 567

24-3 Kirchhoff's Rules 569

24-4 Circuits Containing Resistor and Capacitor（RC Circuits） 572

SUMMARY 576

QUESTIONS 576

PROBLEMS 577

GENERAL PROBLEMS 579

25 MAGNETISM 580

25-1 Magnets and Magnetic Fields 580

25-2 Electric Currents Produce Magnetism 582

25-3 Force on an Electric Current in a MagneticField；DefinitionofB 583

25-4 Force on an Electric Charge Moving in a Magnetic Field 586

25-5 Torque on a Current Loop；Magnetic Dipole Moment 589

25-6 Applications：Galvanometers，Motors，Loudspeakers 591

25-7 Discovery and Properties of the Electron 592

25-8 The Hall Effect 594

25-9 Mass Spectrometer 595

SUMMARY 596

QUESTIONS 597

PROBLEMS 598

GENERAL PROBLEMS 601

26 SOURCES OF MAGNETIC FIELD 604

26-1 Magnetic Field Due to a Straight Wire 604

26-2 Force between Two Parallel Wires 605

26-3 Operational Definitions of the Ampere and the Coulomb 607

26-4 Ampère's Law 607

26-5 Magnetic Field of a Solenoid and a Toroid 611

26-6 Biot-Savart Law 613

26-7 Magnetic Materials—Ferromagnetism 616

26-8 Electromagnets and Solenoids 617

26-9 Magnetic Fields in Magnetic Materials；Hysteresis 618

26-10 Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism 620

SUMMARY 621

QUESTIONS 621

PROBLEMS 622

GENERAL PROBLEMS 626

27 ELECTROMAGNETIC lNDUCTION AND FARADAY'S LAW 629

27-1 Induced EMF 629

27-2 Faraday's Law of Induction；Lenz's Law 630

27-3 EMF Induced in a Moving Conductor 634

27-4 A Changing Magnetic Flux Produces an Electric Field 635

27-5 Applications of Induction：Sound Systems，Computer Memory，the Seismograph 637

SUMMARY 638

QUESTIONS 638

PROBLEMS 639

GENERAL PROBLEMS 642

28 INDUCTANCE；AND ELECTRO-MAGNETIC OSCILLATIONS 643

28-1 Mutual Inductance 643

28-2 Self-Inductance 645

28-3 Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field 647

28-4 LR Circuits 648

28-5 LC Circuits and Electromagnetic Oscillations 650

28-6 LC Oscillations with Resistance（LRC Circuit） 653

SUMMARY 654

QUESTIONS 655

PROBLEMS 656

GENERAL PROBLEMS 658

29 MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS AND ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 660

29-1 Changing Electric Fields Produce Magnetic Fields；Ampère's Law and Displacement Current 661

29-2 Gauss'S Law for Magnetism 664

29-3 Maxwell's Equations 664

29-4 Production of Electromagnetic Waves 665

29-5 Electromagnetic Waayes，and Their Speed，from Maxwell's Equations 667

29-6 Light as an Electromagnetic Wave and the Electromagnetic Spectrum 670

29-7 Energy in EM Waves；the Poynting Vector 672

29-8 Radiation Pressure 674

SUMMARY 676

QUESTIONS 676

PROBLEMS 677

GENERAL PROBLEMS 678

30 THE WAVE NATURE OF LIGHT；INTERFERENCE 680

30-1 Huygens'Principle and Diffraction 680

30-2 Huygens'Principle and the Law of Refraction 681

30-3 Interference—Young's Double-Slit Experiment 683

30-4 Coherence 687

30-5 Intensity in the Double-Slit Interference Pattern 687

30-6 Interference in Thin Films 691

30-7 Michelson Interferometer 695

30-8 Luminous Intensity 695

SUMMARY 696

QUESTIONS 697

PROBLEMS 698

GENERAL PROBLEMS 700

31 DIFFRACTION AND POLARIZATION 702

31-1 Diffraction by a Single Slit 703

31-2 Intensity in Single-Slit Dfffraction Pattern 705

31-3 Diffraction in the Double-Slit Experiment 708

31-4 Limits of Resolution；Circular Apertures 709

31-5 Resolution of Telescopes and Microscopes；the λ Linit 710

31-6 Resolution of the Human Eye and Useful Magnification 713

31-7 Diffraction Grating 713

31-8 The Spectrometer and Spectroscopy 715

31-9 Peak Widths and Resolving Power for a Diffraction Grating 716

31-10 X-Rays and X-Ray Diffraction 718

31-11 Polarization 720

31-12 Scattering of Light by the Atmosphere 724

SUMMARY 725

QUESTIONS 726

PROBLEMS 726

GENERAL PROBLEMS 729

32 SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY 731

32-1 Galilean-Newtonian Relativity 732

32-2 The Michelson-Morley Experiment 734

32-3 Postulates of the Special Theory of Relativity 736

32-4 Simultaneity 737

32-5 Time Dilation and the Twin Paradox 739

32-6 Length Contraction 743

32-7 Four-Dimensional Space-Time 745

32-8 Galflean and Lorentz Transformations 746

32-9 Relativistic Momentum and Mass 749

32-10 The Ultimate Speed 751

32-11 Energy and Mass；E＝mc2 751

32-12 Doppler Shift for Light 754

32-13 The Impact of Special Relativity 756

SUMMARY 756

QUESTIONS 757

PROBLEMS 758

GENERAL PROBLEMS 761

33 EARLY QUANTUM THEORY AND MODELS OF THE ATOM 763

33-1 Planck's Quantum Hypothesis 763

33-2 Photon Theory of Light and the Photoelectric Effect 765

33-3 Photons and the Compton Effect 769

33-4 Photon Interactions；Pair Production 771

33-5 Wave-Particle Duality；the Principle of Complementarity 772

33-6 Wave Nature of Matter 772

33-7 Electron Microscopes 774

33-8 Early Models of the Atom 775

33-9 Atomic Spectra：Key to the Structure of the Atom 776

33-10 The Bohr Model 778

33-11 de Broglie's HypothesisApplied to Atoms 784

SUMMARY 785

QUESTIONS 786

PROBLEMS 787

GENERAL PROBLEMS 790

34 QUANTUM MECHANICS 792

34-1 Quantum Mechanics—A New Theory 793

34-2 The Wave Function and Its Interpretation；the Double-Slit Experiment 793

34-3 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 795

34-4 Philosophic Implications；Probablity Versus Determinism 798

34-5 The Schr？dinger Equation in One Dimension—Time-Independent Form 799

34-6 Time-Dependent Schr？dinger Equatioff 801

34-7 Free Particles；Plane Wayes and Wave Packets 803

34-8 Particle in an Infinitely Deep Squ-are Well Potential （a Rigid Box） 804

34-9 Finite Potential Well 807

34-10 Tunneling through a Barrier 809

SUMMARY 812

QUESTIONS 813

PROBLEMS 814

GENERAL PROBLEMS 816

35 QUANTUM MECHANICS OF ATOMS 818

35-1 Quantum-Mechanical View of Atoms 818

35-2 Hydrogen Atom：Schr？dinger Equation and Quantum Numbers 819

35-3 Hydrogen Atom Wave Functions 822

35-4 Complex Atoms；the Exclusion Principle 826

35-5 The Periodic Table of Elements 827

35-6 X-Ray Spectra and Atomic Number 829

35-7 Magnetic Dipole Moments；Total Angular Momentum 831

35-8 Fluorescence and Phosphorescence 834

35-9 Lasers 835

35-10 Holography 838

SUMMARY 839

QUESTIONS 840

PROBLEMS 841

GENERAL PROBLEMS 844

36 MOLECULES AND SOLIDS 846

36-1 Bonding in Molecules 846

36-2 Potential-Energy Diagrams for Molecules 849

36-3 Weak（van der Waals）Bonds 852

36-4 Molecular Spectra 853

36-5 Bonding in Solids 859

36-6 Free-Electron Theory of Metals 860

36-7 Band Theory of Solids 864

36-8 Semiconductors and Doping 866

36-9 Semiconductor Diodes 867

36-10 Transistors and Integrated Circuits 869

SUMMARY 870

QUESTIONS 871

PROBLEMS 872

GENERAL PROBLEMS 875

37 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIOACTIVITY 877

37-1 Structure and Properties of the Nucleus 877

37-2 Binding Energy and Nuclear Forces 880

37-3 Radioactivity 882

37-4 Alpha Decay 883

37-5 Beta Decay 885

37-6 Gamma Decay 887

37-7 Conservation of Nucleon Number and Other Conservation Laws 888

37-8 Half-Life and Rate of Decay 888

37-9 Decay Series 891

37-10 Radioactive Dating 893

37-11 Detection of Radiation 894

SUMMARY 895

QUESTIONS 896

PROBLEMS 897

38 NUCLEAR ENERGY 900

38-1 Nuclear Reactions and the Transmutation of Elements 900

38-2 Cross Section 903

38-3 Nuclear Fission；Nuclear Reactors 904

38-4 Fusion 909

SUMMARY 913

QUESTIONS 914

PROBLEMS 915

39 ELEMENTARY PARTICLES 917

39-1 High-Energy Particles 918

39-2 Particle Accelerators and Detectors 918

39-3 Beginnings of Elementary Particle Physics—Particle Exchange 923

39-4 Particles and Antiparticles 926

39-5 Particle Interactions and Conservation Laws 926

39-6 Particle Classification 928

39-7 Particle Stability and Resonances 928

39-8 Strange Particles 930

39-9 Quarks 931

39-10 The“Standard Model”：Quantum Chromodynamics （QCD）and the Electroweak Theory 934

39-11 Grand Unified Theories 935

QUESTIONS 937

40 ASTROPHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY 939

40-1 Stars and Galaxies 940

40-2 Stellar Evolution；the Birth and Death of Stars 944

40-3 General Relativity：Gravity and the Curvature of Space 949

40-4 The Expanding Universe 954

40-5 The Big Bang and the Cosmic Microwave B ackground 956

40-6 The Standard Cosmological Model：The Early History of the Universe 958

40-7 The Future of the Universe？ 961

QUESTIONS 964

APPENDICES 965

A MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS 967

A-1 Quadratic Formula 967

A-2 Binomial Expansion 967

A-3 Other Expansions 967

A-4 Areas and Volumes 968

A-5 Plane Geometry 968

A-6 Tirigonometric Functions and Identities 968

A-7 Logarithms 969

A-8 Vectors 970

B DERIVATIVES AND INTEGRALS 971

B-1 Derivatives：General Rules 971

B-2 Derivatives：Particular Functions 971

B-3 Indefinite Integrals：General Rules 971

B-4 Indefinite Integrals：Particular Functions 972

B-5 A few Definite Integrals 972

C GRAVITATIONAL FORCE DUETO A SPHERICAL MASS DISTRIBUTION 973

ANSWERS TO PARTS OF PROBLEMS 976