化学工程师用的经验法则 英文版PDF电子书下载

SECTION ONE Equipment Design 1

1：Fluid Flow 2

Velocity head 3

Piping pressure drop 4

Equivalent length 4

Recommended velocities 5

Two-phase flow 7

Compressible flow 9

Sonic velocity 12

Metering 12

Control valves 13

Safety relief valves 16

2：Heat Exchangers 19

TEMA 20

Selection guides 24

Pressure drop shell and tube 27

Temperature difference 29

Shell diameter 30

Shellside velocity maximum 30

Nozzle velocity maximum 31

Heat transfer coefficients 31

Fouling resistances 38

Metal resistances 40

Vacuum condensers 42

Air-cooled heat exchangers:forced vs induced draft 42

Air-cooled heat exchangers:pressure drop air side 43

Air-cooled heat exchangers:rough rating 44

Air-cooled heat exchangers:temperature control 46

Miscellaneous rules of thumb 48

3：Fractionators 49

Introduction 50

Relative volatility 50

Minimum reflux 51

Minimum stages 52

Actual reflux and actual theoretical stages 52

Reflux to feed ratio 53

Actual trays 54

Graphical methods 54

Tray efficiency 55

Diameter of bubble cap trays 59

Diameter of sieve/valve trays(F factor) 60

Diameter of sieve/valve trays(Smith) 61

Diameter of sieve/valve trays(Lieberman) 63

Diameter of ballast trays 63

Diameter of fractionators,general 65

Control schemes 65

Optimization techniques 69

Reboilers 72

Packed columns 76

4：Absorbers 97

Introduction 98

Hydrocarbon absorber design 98

Hydrocarbon absorbers,optimization 100

Inorganic type 101

5：Pumps 104

Affinity laws 105

Horsepower 105

Efficiency 105

Minimum flow 105

General suction system 106

Suction system NPSH available 107

Suction system NPSH for studies 108

Suction system NPSH with dissolved gas 109

Larger impeller 109

Construction materials 109

6：Compressors 112

Ranges of application 113

Generalized Z 113

Generalized K 114

Horsepower calculation 115

Efficiency 119

Temperature rise 121

Surge controls 121

7：Drivers 122

Motors:efficiency 123

Motors:starter sizes 124

Motors:service factor 124

Motors:useful equations 125

Motors:relative costs 125

Motors:overloading 126

Steam turbines:steam rate 126

Steam turbines:efficiency 126

Gas turbines:fuel rates 127

Gas engines:fuel rates 129

Gas expanders:available energy 129

8：Separators/Accumulators 130

Liquid residence time 131

Vapor residence time 132

Vapor/liquid calculation method 133

Liquid/liquid calculation method 135

Pressure drop 135

Vessel thickness 136

Gas scrubbers 136

Reflux drums 136

General vessel design tips 137

9：Boilers 138

Power plants 139

Controls 139

Thermal efficiency 140

Stack gas enthalpy 141

Stack gas quantity 142

Steam drum stability 143

Deaerator venting 144

Water alkalinity 145

Blowdown control 145

Impurities in water 145

Conductivity versus dissolved solids 147

Silica in steam 148

Caustic embrittlement 148

Waste heat 150

10：Cooling Towers 153

System balances 154

Temperature data 154

Performance 156

Performance estimate:a cast history 158

Transfer units 158

SECTION TWO Process Design 161

11：Refrigeration 162

Types of systems 163

Estimating horsepower per ton 163

Horsepower and condenser duty for specific refrigerants 164

Refrigerant replacements 182

Ethylene/propylene cascaded system 183

Steam jet type utilities requirements 183

Ammonia absorption type utilities requirements 186

12：Gas Treating 187

Introduction 188

Gas treating processes 188

Reaction type gas treating 190

Physical solvent gas treating 191

Physical/chemical type 191

Carbonate type 192

Solution batch type 192

Bed batch type 193

13：Vacuum Systems 194

Vacuum jets 195

Typical jet systems 196

Steam supply 197

Measuring air leakage 198

Time to evacuate 198

Design recommendations 199

Eiector specification sheet 200

14：Pneumatic Conveying 202

Tvpes of systems 203

Differential pressures 204

Equipment sizing 204

15：Blending 206

Single-stage mixers 207

Multistage mixers 207

Gas/liquid contacting 208

Liquid/liquid mixing 208

Liquid/solid mixing 208

Mixer applications 209

Shrouded blending nozzle 210

Vapor formation rate for tank filling 210

SECTION THREE Plant Design 211

16：Process Evaluation 212

Introduction 213

Study definition 213

Process definition 215

Battery limits specifications 222

Offsite specifications 226

Capital investments 230

Operating costs 237

Economics 240

Financing 244

17：Reliability 247

18：Metallurgy 249

Embrittlement 250

Stress-corrosion cracking 256

Hydrogen attack 257

Pitting corrosion 259

Creep and creep-rupture life 260

Metal dusting 262

Naphthenic acid corrosion 264

Fuel ash corrosion 265

Thermal fatigue 267

Abrasive wear 269

Pipeline toughness 270

Common corrosion mistakes 271

19：Safety 272

Estimating LEL and flash 273

Tank blanketing 273

Equipment purging 275

Static charge from fluid flow 276

Mixture flammability 279

Relief manifolds 282

Natural ventilation 288

20：Controls 289

Introduction 290

Extra capacity for process control 290

Controller limitations 291

False economy 292

Definitions of control modes 292

Control mode comparisons 292

Control mode vs application 292

Pneumatic vs electronic controls 293

Process chromatographs 294

SECTION FOUR Operations 295

21：Troubleshooting 296

Introduction 297

Fractionation:initial checklists 297

Fractionation:Troubleshooting checklist 299

Fractionation:operating problems 301

Fractionation:mechanical problems 307

Fractionation:Getting ready for troubleshooting 311

Fractionation:"Normal"parameters 312

Fluid flow 313

Refrigeration 316

Firetube heaters 317

Safety relief valves 318

Gas treating 319

Compressors 323

Measurement 325

22：Startup 326

Introduction 327

Settings for controls 327

Probable causes of trouble in controls 328

Checklists 330

23：Energy Conservation 334

Target excess oxygen 335

Stack heat loss 336

Stack gas dew point 336

Equivalent fuel values 338

Heat recovery systems 339

Process efficiency 340

Steam traps 341

Gas expanders 343

Fractionation 344

Insulating materials 344

24：Process Modeling Using Linear Programming 345

Process modeling using linear programming 346

25：Properties 351

Introduction 352

Approximate physical properties 352

Viscosity 353

Relative humidity 357

Surface tension 358

Gas diffusion coefficients 358

Water and hydrocarbons 360

Natural gas hydrate temperature 364

Inorganic gases in petroleum 366

Foam density 368

Equivalent diameter 369

Autoignition temperature 371

Gibbs free energy of formation 376

New refrigerants 386

26：Approximate Conversion Factors 387

Approximate conversion factors 388

Appendixes 389

Appendix 1：Shortcut Equipment Design Methods—Overview 390

Appendix 2：Geographic Information Systems 392

Appendix 3：Internet Ideas 394

Appendix 4：Process Safety Management 397

Appendix 5：Do-It-Yourself Shortcut Methods 399

Appendix 6：Overview for Engineering Students 406

Appendix 7：Modern Management Initiatives 409

Appendix 8：Process Specification Sheets 410

Vessel data sheet 411

Shell and tube exchanger data sheet 412

Double pipe (G-fin)exchanger data sheet 413

Air-cooled(fin-fan)exchanger data sheet 414

Direct fired heater data sheet 415

Centrifugal pump(horizontal or vertical) data sheet 416

Pump(vertical turbine—can or propellor) data sheet 417

Tank data sheet 418

Cooling tower data sheet 419

Index 423