金属与合金的表征 英文PDF电子书下载

INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Purpose and Organization of the Book 1

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND INTERFACIAL ANALYSIS 4

2.1 Introduction 4

2.2 Grain Boundary Segregation 6

2.3 Temper Embrittlement 8

2.4 Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking 12

2.5 Hydrogen Embrittlement 17

2.6 Creep Embrittlement 19

2.7 Future Directions 20

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 24

3.1 Introduction 24

3.2 Tools of the Trade—Unique Information Available 25

X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy(XPS) 25

Auger Electron Spectroscopy(AES) 29

Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry(SIMS) 31

Rutherford Backscateering Spectroscopy(RBS),Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA),and Ion Channeling 32

Other Methods 32

3.3 Gaseous Corrosion 33

High Temperature Corrosion—Influence of Alloy Additions and Coatings 34

3.4 Aqueous Corrosion 38

Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking 39

Pit Formation 40

3.5 Surface Electronic Structure and Chemistry 41

3.6 Surface Modification 44

3.7 Summary 45

SURFACE AND THIN FILM ANALYSIS OF DIFFUSION IN METALS 51

4.1 Introduction 51

4.2 The Mathematics of Diffusion 52

4.3 Effects of Non-Uniform Cross Sections 53

4.4 Effects of Finite Thickness 54

4.5 Analysis Techniques for Diffusion 56

4.6 Case Studies of Diffusion 60

Diffusion in Bulk Samples 60

Diffusion in Thin Films 64

Analysis of Surface Diffusion 71

4.7 Summary 71

MINERAL PROCESSING AND METAL RECLAMATION 74

5.1 Introduction 74

5.2 Techniques for Mineral Surface Characterization 75

Direct Analysis of Solid Surfaces of Particles in a Fluid 75

Surface Characterization of Mineral Particles Separated from the Processing Fluid 78

5.3 Surface Bonding in Mineral-Fluid Systems 82

Oxide Mineral Surfaces 82

Sulfide Mineral Surfaces 83

5.4 Complementary Composition Analyses of Rough and Polished Surfaces 85

5.5 Summary 88

MELTING AND CASTING 92

6.1 Introduction 92

6.2 Aluminum-Lithium Alloys 94

6.3 Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys 97

6.4 Rapidly Solidified Aluminum Alloy Powders 100

6.5 Cast Aluminum Alloy Metal Matrix Composites 102

6.6 Liquid Aluminum Alloys 104

6.7 Summary 105

MACHINING AND WORKING OF METALS 108

7.1 Introduction 108

7.2 Physical and Chemical Characterization 109

Physical Properties 109

Chemical Properties 110

7.3 Lubrication 112

7.4 Surface Finish 114

7.5 Metalworking Example 119

7.6 Summary 123

CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CLEANING OF SURFACES OF METALS AND METAL ALLOYS 125

8.1 Introduction 125

8.2 Characterization of Cleaning Procedures 126

Mechanical Cleaning 132

Chemical Cleaning 133

Cleaning in a Vacuum Chamber 136

Detection of Hydrogen and Miscellaneous Cleaning 138

8.3 Specimen Handling and Interpretation of Data 138

8.4 Summary 140

COATINGS AND THIN FILMS 144

9.1 Introduction 144

9.2 Techniques for Creating Coatings and Thin Films 145

Deposition Techniques 146

Thick Film Coatings 151

Ion Implantation 152

Surface Segregation 152

Thin Film Structures 153

9.3 Techniques to Characterize Coatings and Thin Films 153

9.4 Studies of Coatings on Metals 155

Polymeric Coatings 155

Tribological Coatings 160

Passivating Coatings 166

Optical and Thermal Coatings 168

Electrodeposition 170

Surface Modifications by Ion Implantation 171

Biocoatings 173

9.5 Studies of Thin Films on Metals 173

Metal Thin Films 174

Semiconductor Thin Films 176

Oxide Thin Films 177

Ceramic Thin Films 179

Carbon-Based Thin Films 180

9.6 Summary 182

FAILURE ANALYSIS 189

10.1 Introduction 189

10.2 Collaboration with the Applications Engineering Team 191

The Selection of Samples for Analysis 192

The Handling and Shipping of Samples 193

Providing Sample Background Information 194

10.3 Failure Analysis Case Histories 195

Metal/Metal Interface and Metal Surface Failures 196

Metal/Inorganic Film Failures 223

Metal/Polymer Interface Failures 232

10.4 Summary 240

APPENDIX:TECHNIQUE SUMMARIES 247

1 Auger Electron Spectroscopy(AES) 247

2 Cathodoluminescence(CL) 248

3 Dynamic Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry(Dynamic SIMS) 249

4 Elastic Recoil Spectrometry(ERS) 250

5 Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy in the Transmission Electron Microscope(EELS) 251

6 Electron Probe X-Ray Microanalysis(EPMA) 252

7 Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy(EDS) 253

8 Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure(EXAFS) 254

9 Field Ion Microscopy(FIM) 255

10 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FTIR) 257

11 Glow-Discharge Mass Spectrometry(GDMS) 258

12 High-Resolution Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy(HREELS) 259

13 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS) 260

14 Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy(ICP-OES) 261

15 Ion Scattering Spectroscopy(ISS) 262

16 Laser Ionization Mass Spectrometry(LIMS) 263

17 Low-Energy Electron Diffraction(LEED) 264

18 Low-Energy Electron Microscopy(LEEM) 265

19 Magneto-Optic Kerr Effect(MOKE) 267

20 Medium-Energy Ion Scattering with Channeling and Blocking(MEIS) 268

21 Neutron Activation Analysis(NAA) 269

22 Nuclear Reaction Analysis(NRA) 270

23 Optical Micro-Reflectometry(OMR)and Differential Reflectometry(DR) 271

24 Optical Second Harmonic Generation(SHG) 274

25 Particle-Induced X-Ray Emission(PIXE) 276

26 Photoacoustic Spectroscopy(PAS) 277

27 Photoelectron Emission Microscopy(PEEM) 278

28 Photoluminescence(PL) 279

29 Reflected Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy(REELS) 280

30 Reflection High-Energy Electron Diffraction(RHEED) 281

31 Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry(RBS) 282

32 Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM) 283

33 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy(STEM) 284

34 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Scanning Force Microscopy(STM and SFM) 285

35 Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(NMR) 286

36 Spark Source Mass Spectrometry(SSMS) 287

37 Sputtered Neutral Mass Spectrometry(SNMS) 288

38 Static Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry(Static SIMS) 289

39 Surface Analysis by Laser Ionization(SALI) 290

40 Surface Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure and Near Edge X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure(SEXAFS/NEXAFS) 291

41 Temperature Programmed Desorption(TPD) 292

42 Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis(TXRF) 295

43 Transmission Electron Microscopy(TEM) 296

44 Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy(UPS) 297

45 Variable-Angle Spectroscopic Ellipsometry(VASE) 298

46 X-Ray Diffraction(XRD) 299

47 X-Ray Fluorescence(XRF) 300

48 X-Ray Photoelectron and Auger Electron Diffraction(XPD and AED) 301

49 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy(XPS) 302

Index 303