材料概论 双语PDF电子书下载

1　Introduction 1

1.1 Historical perspective 1

1.2 Classification of materials 1

1.3 Structures of metals and ceramics 2

1.3.1 Structure of metals 2

1.3.2 Structure of ceramics 6

1.4 Polymer structures 7

1.4.1 Macromolecules 7

1.4.2 Molecular weight 8

1.4.3 Molecular structures 9

Keywords 10

Problems 10

Selected from 11

2.1 Structure and properties of steel 12

2 Metal Materials 12

2.1.1 Iron-carbon alloys 13

2.1.2 Strength versus carbon content in steels 14

2.1.3 Formation of pearlite 16

2.1.4 Effect of cooling rate 20

2.1.5 Alloying elements 21

2.1.6 Selecting carbon steels 22

2.2 Heat treatment of steels 24

2.2.1 Response of steels to heat treatment 24

2.2.2 Hardenability 26

2.2.3 Surface hardening 27

2.2.4 Tempering 28

2.2.5 Choice of heat treatment 29

2.3 Stainless steels 30

2.3.1 Composition,nomenclature and general properties 30

2.3.2 Common stainless steel alloy systems 33

2.3.3 Corrosion behavior of stainless steels 34

2.4 Nonferrous alloys 39

2.4.1 Copper and its alloys 39

2.4.2 Aluminum and its alloys 41

2.4.3 Magnesium and its alloys 43

2.4.4 Titanium and its alloys 44

2.4.5 Refractory metals 45

2.4.6 Superalloys 46

2.4.7 Noble metals 46

2.4.8 Miscellaneous nonferrous alloys 46

Keywords 47

Problems 47

Selected from 48

3.1.1 Definition of ceramics 49

3.1.2 Classification of ceramics 49

3.1 Introduction to ceramics 49

3 Ceramic Materials 49

3.1.3 Overview of ceramic and glass manufacturing 50

3.1.4 Structure and properties of ceramics 51

3.1.5 History of ceramics 52

3.1.6 Impact on society 52

3.2 What are advanced ceramics 55

3.3 Structural ceramics and its development 57

3.3.1 Introduction and current status 57

3.3.2 Trends 57

3.3.3 Future work strategies 59

3.4 Electroceramics and its developing directions 60

3.4.1 What are electroceramics 60

3.4.2 Common applications for electroceramies 60

3.4.3 Fundamental research needs and developing trends for electroceramics 61

3.5 Bioceramics 65

3.5.1 Introduction 65

3.5.2 Bioinert and bioactive materials 66

3.5.3 Compatibility between bioceramics and the human environment 67

3.5.4 Most common bioceramics 68

3.5.5 Uses for bioceramics 69

3.6 Advanced ceramic materials:Summary of possible applications 71

3.6.1 Introduction 71

3.6.2 State of the art 71

3.6.3 Trends for the future 73

3.7 Advanced ceramic materials:Basic research viewpoint 78

3.7.1 Introduction 78

3.7.2 State of the art 79

3.7.3 Trends in technology 80

3.7.4 Needs for future basic research 81

Keywords 85

Problems 86

Selected from 86

4 Polymer Materials 87

4.1 Introduction 87

4.1.1 Formation 87

4.1.2 Classification 89

4.1.3 Nomenclature 90

4.1.4 History 91

4.2 Natural polymers 93

4.2.1 Polysaccharides 93

4.2.2 Proteins 96

4.3 Thermoplastics 97

4.3.1 Polyethylene 99

4.3.2 Polypropylene 105

4.3.3 Polystyrene 107

4.3.4 Poly(vinyl chloride) 108

4.4 Engineering plastics and thermosets 110

4.4.1 Nylons 111

4.4.2 Polyesters 113

4.4.3 Polycarbonates 114

4.4.4 Polysiloxanes 115

4.4.5 Epoxy resins 116

4.5 Applications of polymers 117

4.5.1 Membrane separations 118

4.5.2 Biomedical applications 123

4.5.3 Applications in electronics 126

Keywords 129

Problems 129

Selected from 130

5 ComPosite Materials 132

5.1 Introduction 132

5.2 Dispersion-strengthened composites 132

5.3 True particulate composites 134

5.4 Fiber-reinforced composites 137

5.5 Characteristics of fiber-reinforced composites 139

5.6 Manufacturing fibers and composites 144

5.7 Fiber-reinforced systems and applications 148

5.8 Laminar composite materials 153

5.9 Examples and applications of laminar composites 154

5.10 Sandwich structures 156

Keywords 157

Problems 157

Selected from 157