天体物理学 英文PDF电子书下载

1 Introd uction 1

1.1 Observational Techniques 2

Problems 8

2 Stars:Basic Observations 10

2.1 Review of Blackbody Radiation 10

2.2 Measurement of Stellar Parameters 14

2.3 The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram 27

Problems 29

3 Stellar Physics 31

3.1 Hydrostatic Equilibrium and the Virial Theorem 32

3.2 Mass Continuity 36

3.3 Radiative Energy Transport 36

3.4 Energy Conservation 41

3.5 The Equations of Stellar Structure 42

3.6 The Equation of State 43

3.7 Opacity 45

3.8 Scaling Relations on the Main Sequence 46

3.9 Nuclear Energy Production 48

3.10 Nuclear Reaction Rates 53

3.11 Solution oft he Equations of Stellar Structure 58

3.12 Convection 58

Problems 61

4 Stellar Evolution and Stellar Remnants 65

4.1 Stellar Evolution 65

4.2 White Dwarfs 69

4.3 Supernovae and Neutron Stars 81

4.4 Pulsars and Supernova Remnants 88

4.5 Black Holes 95

4.6 Interacting Binaries 99

Problems 108

5 Star Formation,HⅡ Regions,and the Interstellar Medium 114

5.1 Cloud Collapse and Star Formation 114

5.2 H Ⅱ Regions 122

5.3 Components of the Interstellar Medium 133

5.4 Dynamics of Star-forming Regions 136

Problems 137

6 The Milky Way and Other Galaxies 140

6.1 Structure of the Milky Way 140

6.2 Galaxy Demographics 162

6.3 Active Galactic Nuclei and Quasars 165

6.4 Groups and Clusters of Galaxies 171

Problems 175

7 Cosmology:Basic Observations 178

7.1 The Olbers Paradox 178

7.2 Extragalactic Distances 179

7.3 Hubble's Law 185

7.4 Age of the Universe from Cosmic Clocks 187

7.5 Isotropy of the Universe 188

Problems 189

8 Big Bang Cosmology 190

8.1 The Friedmann-Robertson-Walker Metric 190

8.2 The Friedmann Equations 193

8.3 History and Future of the Universe 196

8.4 A Newtonian Derivation of the Friedmann Equations 202

8.5 Dark Energy and the Accelerating Universe 204

Problems 206

9 Tests and Probes of Big Bang Cosmology 209

9.1 Cosmological Redshift and Hubble's Law 209

9.2 The Cosmic Microwave Background 213

9.3 Anisotropy of the Microwave Background 217

9.4 Nucleosynthesis of the Light Elements 223

9.5 Quasars and Other Distant Sources as Cosmological Probes 226

Problems 229

Appendix.Recommended Reading and Websites 235

Index 239