软件工程 实践者的研究方法 第8版 英文版PDF电子书下载

CHAPTER 1 THE NATURE OF SOFTWARE 1

1.1 The Nature of Software 3

1.1.1 Defining Software 4

1.1.2 Software Application Domains 6

1.1.3 Legacy Software 7

1.2 The Changing Nature of Software 9

1.2.1 WebApps 9

1.2.2 Mobile Applications 9

1.2.3 Cloud Computing 10

1.2.4 Product Line Software 11

1.3 Summary 11

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 12

FURTHER READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES 12

CHAPTER 2 SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 14

2.1 Defining the Discipline 15

2.2 The Software Process 16

2.2.1 The Process Framework 17

2.2.2 Umbrella Activities 18

2.2.3 Process Adaptation 18

2.3 Software Engineering Practice 19

2.3.1 The Essence of Practice 19

2.3.2 General Principles 21

2.4 Software Development Myths 23

2.5 How It All Starts 26

2.6 Summary 27

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 27

FURTHER READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES 27

PART ONE THE SOFTWAREP ROCESS 29

CHAPTER 3 SOFTWARE PROCESS STRUCTURE 30

3.1 A Generic Process Model 31

3.2 Defining a Framework Activity 32

3.3 Identifying a Task Set 34

3.4 Process Patterns 35

3.5 Process Assessment and Improvement 37

3.6 Summary 38

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 38

FURTHER READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES 39

CHAPTER 4 PROCESS MODELS 40

4.1 Prescriptive Process Models 41

4.1.1 The Waterfall Model 41

4.1.2 Incremental Process Models 43

4.1.3 Evolutionary Process Models 45

4.1.4 Concurrent Models 49

4.1.5 A Final Word on Evolutionary Processes 51

4.2 Specialized Process Models 52

4.2.1 Component-Based Development 53

4.2.2 The Formal Methods Model 53

4.2.3 Aspect-Oriented Software Development 54

4.3 The Unified Process 55

4.3.1 A Brief History 56

4.3.2 Phases of the Unified Process 56

4.4 Personal and Team Process Models 59

4.4.1 Personal Software Process 59

4.4.2 Team Software Process 60

4.5 Process Technology 61

4.6 Product and Process 62

4.7 Summary 64

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 64

FURTHER READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES 65

CHAPTER 5 AGILE DEVELOPMENT 66

5.1 What Is Agility? 68

5.2 Agility and the Cost of Change 68

5.3 What Is an Agile Process? 69

5.3.1 Agility Principles 70

5.3.2 The Politics of Agile Development 71

5.4 Extreme Programming 72

5.4.1 The XP Process 72

5.4.2 Industrial XP 75

5.5 Other Agile Process Models 77

5.5.1 Scrum 78

5.5.2 Dynamic Systems Development Method 79

5.5.3 Agile Modeling 80

5.5.4 Agile Unified Process 82

5.6 A Tool Set for the Agile Process 83

5.7 Summary 84

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 85

FURTHER READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES 85

CHAPTER 6 HUMAN ASPECTS OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 87

6.1 Characteristics of a Software Engineer 88

6.2 The Psychology of Software Engineering 89

6.3 The Software Team 90

6.4 Team Structures 92

6.5 Agile Teams 93

6.5.1 The Generic Agile Team 93

6.5.2 The XP Team 94

6.6 The Impact Of Social Media 95

6.7 Software Engineering Using the Cloud 97

6.8 Collaboration Tools 98

6.9 Global Teams 99

6.10 Summary 100

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 101

FURTHER READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES 102

PART TWO MODELING 103

CHAPTER 7 PRINCIPLES THAT GUIDE PRACTICE 104

7.1 Software Engineering Knowledge 105

7.2 Core Principles 106

7.2.1 Principles That Guide Process 106

7.2.2 Principles That Guide Practice 107

7.3 Principles That Guide Each Framework Activity 109

7.3.1 Communication Principles 110

7.3.2 Planning Principles 112

7.3.3 Modeling Principles 114

7.3.4 Construction Principles 121

7.3.5 Deployment Principles 125

7.4 Work Practices 126

7.5 Summary 127

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 128

FURTHER READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES 129

CHAPTER 8 UNDERSTANDING REQUIREMENTS 131

8.1 Requirements Engineering 132

8.2 Establishing the Groundwork 138

8.2.1 Identifying Stakeholders 139

8.2.2 Recognizing Multiple Viewpoints 139

8.2.3 Working toward Collaboration 140

8.2.4 Asking the First Questions 140

8.2.5 Nonfunctional Requirements 141

8.2.6 Traceability 142

8.3 Eliciting Requirements 142

8.3.1 Collaborative Requirements Gathering 143

8.3.2 Quality Function Deployment 146

8.3.3 Usage Scenarios 146

8.3.4 Elicitation Work Products 147

8.3.5 Agile Requirements Elicitation 148

8.3.6 Service-Oriented Methods 148

8.4 Developing Use Cases 149

8.5 Building the Analysis Model 154

8.5.1 Elements of the Analysis Model 154

8.5.2 Analysis Patterns 157

8.5.3 Agile Requirements Engineering 158

8.5.4 Requirements for Self-Adaptive Systems 158

8.6 Negotiating Requirements 159

8.7 Requirements Monitoring 160

8.8 Validating Requirements 161

8.9 Avoiding Common Mistakes 162

8.10 Summary 162

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 163

FURTHER READINGS AND OTHER INFORMATION SOURCES 164

CHAPTER 9 REQUIREMENTS MODELING：SCENARIO-BASED METHODS 166

9.1 Requirements Analysis 167

9.1.1 Overall Objectives and Philosophy 168

9.1.2 Analysis Rules of Thumb 169

9.1.3 Domain Analysis 170

9.1.4 Requirements Modeling Approaches 171

9.2 Scenario-Based Modeling 173

9.2.1 Creating a Preliminary Use Case 173

9.2.2 Refining a Preliminary Use Case 176

9.2.3 Writing a Formal Use Case 177

9.3 UML Models That Supplement the Use Case 179

9.3.1 Developing an Activity Diagram 180

9.3.2 Swimlane Diagrams 181

9.4 Summary 182

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 182

FURTHER READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES 183

CHAPTER 10 REQUIREMENTS MODELING：CLASS-BASED METHODS 184

10.1 Identifying Analysis Classes 185

10.2 Specifying Attributes 188

10.3 Defining Operations 189

10.4 Class-Responsibility-Collaborator Modeling 192

10.5 Associations and Dependencies 198

10.6 Analysis Packages 199

10.7 Summary 200

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 201

FURTHER READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES 201

CHAPTER 11 REQUIREMENTS MODELING：BEHAVIOR,PATTERNS,AND WEB/MOBILE APPS 202

11.1 Creating a Behavioral Model 203

11.2 Identifying Events with the Use Case 203

11.3 State Representations 204

11.4 Patterns for Requirements Modeling 207

11.4.1 Discovering Analysis Patterns 208

11.4.2 A Requirements Pattern Example：Actuator-Sensor 209

11.5 Requirements Modeling for Web and Mobile Apps 213

11.5.1 How Much Analysis Is Enough? 214

11.5.2 Requirements Modeling Input 214

11.5.3 Requirements Modeling Output 215

11.5.4 Content Model 216

11.5.5 Interaction Model for Web and Mobile Apps 217

11.5.6 Functional Model 218

11.5.7 Configuration Models for Web Apps 219

11.5.8 Navigation Modeling 220

11.6 Summary 221

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 222

FURTHER READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES 222

CHAPTER 12 DESIGN CONCEPTS 224

12.1 Design within the Context of Software Engineering 225

12.2 The Design Process 228

12.2.1 Software Quality Guidelines and Attributes 228

12.2.2 The Evolution of Software Design 230

12.3 Design Concepts 231

12.3.1 Abstraction 232

12.3.2 Architecture 232

12.3.3 Patterns 233

12.3.4 Separation of Concerns 234

12.3.5 Modularity 234

12.3.6 Information Hiding 235

12.3.7 Functional Independence 236

12.3.8 Refinement 237

12.3.9 Aspects 237

12.3.10 Refactoring 238

12.3.11 Object-Oriented Design Concepts 238

12.3.12 Design Classes 239

12.3.13 Dependency Inversion 241

12.3.14 Design for Test 242

12.4 The Design Model 243

12.4.1 Data Design Elements 244

12.4.2 Architectural Design Elements 244

12.4.3 Interface Design Elements 245

12.4.4 Component-Level Design Elements 247

12.4.5 Deployment-Level Design Elements 248

12.5 Summary 249

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 250

FURTHER READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES 251

CHAPTER 13 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 252

13.1 Software Architecture 253

13.1.1 What Is Architecture? 253

13.1.2 Why Is Architecture Important? 254

13.1.3 Architectural Descriptions 255

13.1.4 Architectural Decisions 256

13.2 Architectural Genres 257

13.3 Architectural Styles 258

13.3.1 A Brief Taxonomy of Architectural Styles 258

13.3.2 Architectural Patterns 263

13.3.3 Organization and Refinement 263

13.4 Architectural Considerations 264

13.5 Architectural Decisions 266

13.6 Architectural Design 267

13.6.1 Representing the System in Context 267

13.6.2 Defining Archetypes 269

13.6.3 Refining the Architecture into Components 270

13.6.4 Describing Instantiations of the System 272

13.6.5 Architectural Design for Web Apps 273

13.6.6 Architectural Design for Mobile Apps 274

13.7 Assessing Alternative Architectural Designs 274

13.7.1 Architectural Description Languages 276

13.7.2 Architectural Reviews 277

13.8 Lessons Learned 278

13.9 Pattern-based Architecture Review 278

13.10 Architecture Conformance Checking 279

13.11 Agility and Architecture 280

13.12 Summary 282

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 282

FURTHER READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES 283

CHAPTER 14 COMPONENT-LEVEL DESIGN 285

14.1 What Is a Component? 286

14.1.1 An Object-Oriented View 286

14.1.2 The Traditional View 288

14.1.3 A Process-Related View 291

14.2 Designing Class-Based Components 291

14.2.1 Basic Design Principles 292

14.2.2 Component-Level Design Guidelines 295

14.2.3 Cohesion 296

14.2.4 Coupling 298

14.3 Conducting Component-Level Design 299

14.4 Component-Level Design for WebApps 305

14.4.1 Content Design at the Component Level 306

14.4.2 Functional Design at the Component Level 306

14.5 Component-Level Design for Mobile Apps 306

14.6 Designing Troditional Components 307

14.7 Component-Based Development 308

14.7.1 Domain Engineering 308

14.7.2 Component Qualification,Adaptation,and Composition 309

14.7.3 Architectural Mismatch 311

14.7.4 Analysis and Design for Reuse 312

14.7.5 Classifying and Retrieving Components 312

14.8 Summary 313

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 315

FURTHER READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES 315

CHAPTER 15 USER INTERFACE DESIGN 317

15.1 The Golden Rules 318

15.1.1 Place the User in Control 318

15.1.2 Reduce the User's Memory Load 319

15.1.3 Make the Interface Consistent 321

15.2 User Interface Analysis and Design 322

15.2.1 Interface Analysis and Design Models 322

15.2.2 The Process 323

15.3 Interface Analysis 325

15.3.1 User Analysis 325

15.3.2 Task Analysis and Modeling 326

15.3.3 Analysis of Display Content 331

15.3.4 Analysis of the Work Environment 331

15.4 Interface Design Steps 332

15.4.1 Applying Interface Design Steps 332

15.4.2 User Interface Design Patterns 334

15.4.3 Design Issues 335

15.5 WebApp and Mobile Interface Design 337

15.5.1 Interface Design Principles and Guidelines 337

15.5.2 Interface Design Workflow for Web and Mobile Apps 341

15.6 Design Evaluation 342

15.7 Summary 344

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 345

FURTHER READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES 346

CHAPTER 16 PATTERN-BASED DESIGN 347

16.1 Design Patterns 348

16.1.1 Kinds Of Patterns 349

16.1.2 Frameworks 351

16.1.3 Describing a Pattern 352

16.1.4 Pattern Languages and Repositories 353

16.2 Pattern-Based Software Design 354

16.2.1 Pattern-Based Design in Context 354

16.2.2 Thinking in Patterns 354

16.2.3 Design Tasks 356

16.2.4 Building a Pattern-Organizing Table 358

16.2.5 Common Design Mistakes 359

16.3 Architectural Patterns 359

16.4 Component-Level Design Patterns 360

16.5 User Interface Design Patterns 362

16.6 WebApp Design Patterns 364

16.6.1 Design Focus 365

16.6.2 Design Granularity 365

16.7 Patterns for Mobile Apps 366

16.8 Summary 367

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 368

FURTHER READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES 369

CHAPTER 17 WEBAPP DESIGN 371

17.1 WebApp Design Quality 372

17.2 Design Goals 374

17.3 A Design Pyramid for WebApps 375

17.4 WebApp Interface Design 376

17.5 Aesthetic Design 377

17.5.1 Layout Issues 378

17.5.2 Graphic Design Issues 378

17.6 Content Design 379

17.6.1 Content Objects 379

17.6.2 Content Design Issues 380

17.7 Architecture Design 381

17.7.1 Content Architecture 381

17.7.2 WebApp Architecture 384

17.8 Navigation Design 385

17.8.1 Navigation Semantics 385

17.8.2 Navigation Syntax 387

17.9 Component-Level Design 387

17.10 Summary 388

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 389

FURTHER READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES 389

CHAPTER 18 MOBILEAPP DESIGN 391

18.1 The Challenges 392

18.1.1 Development Considerations 392

18.1.2 Technical Considerations 393

18.2 Developing MobileApps 395

18.2.1 MobileApp Quality 397

18.2.2 User Interface Design 398

18.2.3 Context-Aware Apps 399

18.2.4 Lessons Learned 400

18.3 MobileApp Design-Best Practices 401

18.4 Mobility Environments 403

18.5 The Cloud 405

18.6 The Applicability of Conventional Software Engineering 407

18.7 Summary 408

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 409

FURTHER READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES 409

PART THREE QUALITY MANAGEMENT 411

CHAPTER 19 QUALITY CONCEPTS 412

19.1 What Is Quality? 413

19.2 Software Quality 414

19.2.1 Garvin's Quality Dimensions 415

19.2.2 McCall's Quality Factors 416

19.2.3 ISO 9126 Quality Factors 418

19.2.4 Targeted Quality Factors 418

19.2.5 The Transition to a Quantitative View 420

19.3 The Software Quality Dilemma 420

19.3.1 "Good Enough"Software 421

19.3.2 The Cost of Quality 422

19.3.3 Risks 424

19.3.4 Negligence and Liability 425

19.3.5 Quality and Security 425

19.3.6 The Impact of Management Actions 426

19.4 Achieving Software Quality 427

19.4.1 Software Engineering Methods 427

19.4.2 Project Management Techniques 427

19.4.3 Quality Control 427

19.4.4 Quality Assurance 428

19.5 Summary 428

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 429

FURTHER READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES 429

CHAPTER 20 REVIEW TECHNIQUES 431

20.1 Cost Impact of Software Defects 432

20.2 Defect Amplification and Removal 433

20.3 Review Metrics and Their Use 435

20.3.1 Analyzing Metrics 435

20.3.2 Cost-Effectiveness Of Reviews 436

20.4 Reviews：A Formality Spectrum 438

20.5 Informal Reviews 439

20.6 Formal Technical Reviews 441

20.6.1 The Review Meeting 441

20.6.2 Review Reporting and Record Keeping 442

20.6.3 Review Guidelines 442

20.6.4 Sample-Driven Reviews 444

20.7 Post-Mortem Evaluations 445

20.8 Summary 446

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 446

FURTHER READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES 447

CHAPTER 21 SOFTWARE QUALITY ASSURANCE 448

21.1 Background Issues 449

21.2 Elements of Software Quality Assurance 450

21.3 SQA Processes and Product Characteristics 452

21.4 SQA Tasks,Goals,and Metrics 452

21.4.1 SQA Tasks 453

21.4.2 Goals,Attributes,and Metrics 454

21.5 Formal Approaches to SQA 456

21.6 Statistical Software Quality Assurance 456

21.6.1 A Generic Example 457

21.6.2 Six Sigma for Software Engineering 458

21.7 Software Reliability 459

21.7.1 Measures of Reliability and Availability 459

21.7.2 Software Safety 460

21.8 The ISO 9000 Quality Standards 461

21.9 The SQA Plan 463

21.10 Summary 463

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 464

FURTHER READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES 464

CHAPTER 22 SOFTWARE TESTING STRATEGIES 466

22.1 A Strategic Approach to Software Testing 466

22.1.1 Verification and Validation 468

22.1.2 Organizing for Software Testing 468

22.1.3 Software Testing Strategy-The Big Picture 469

22.1.4 Criteria for Completion of Testing 472

22.2 Strategic Issues 472

22.3 Test Strategies for Conventional Software 473

22.3.1 Unit Testing 473

22.3.2 Integration Testing 475

22.4 Test Strategies for Object-Oriented Software 481

22.4.1 Unit Testing in the OO Context 481

22.4.2 Integration Testing in the OO Context 481

22.5 Test Strategies for WebApps 482

22.6 Test Strategies for MobileApps 483

22.7 Validation Testing 483

22.7.1 Validation-Test Criteria 484

22.7.2 Configuration Review 484

22.7.3 Alpha and Beta Testing 484

22.8 System Testing 486

22.8.1 Recovery Testing 486

22.8.2 Security Testing 486

22.8.3 Stress Testing 487

22.8.4 Performance Testing 487

22.8.5 Deployment Testing 487

22.9 The Art of Debugging 488

22.9.1 The Debugging Process 488

22.9.2 Psychological Considerations 490

22.9.3 Debugging Strategies 491

22.9.4 Correcting the Error 492

22.10 Summary 493

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 493

FURTHER READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES 494

CHAPTER 23 TESTING CONVENTIONAL APPLICATIONS 496

23.1 Software Testing Fundamentals 497

23.2 Internal and External Views of Testing 499

23.3 White-Box Testing 500

23.4 Basis Path Testing 500

23.4.1 Flow Graph Notation 500

23.4.2 Independent Program Paths 502

23.4.3 Deriving Test Cases 504

23.4.4 Graph Matrices 506

23.5 Control Structure Testing 507

23.6 Black-Box Testing 509

23.6.1 Graph-Based Testing Methods 509

23.6.2 Equivalence Partitioning 511

23.6.3 Boundary Value Analysis 512

23.6.4 Orthogonal Array Testing 513

23.7 Model-Based Testing 516

23.8 Testing Documentation and Help Facilities 516

23.9 Testing for Real-Time Systems 517

23.10 Patterns for Software Testing 519

23.11 Summary 520

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 521

FURTHER READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES 521

CHAPTER 24 TESTING OBJECT-ORIENTED APPLICATIONS 523

24.1 Broadening the View of Testing 524

24.2 Testing OOA and OOD Models 525

24.2.1 Correctness of OOA and OOD Models 525

24.2.2 Consistency of Object-Oriented Models 526

24.3 Object-Oriented Testing Strategies 528

24.3.1 Unit Testing in the OO Context 528

24.3.2 Integration Testing in the OO Context 529

24.3.3 Validation Testing in an OO Context 529

24.4 Object-Oriented Testing Methods 529

24.4.1 The Test-Case Design Implications of OO Concepts 530

24.4.2 Applicability of Conventional Test-Case Design Methods 531

24.4.3 Fault-Based Testing 531

24.4.4 Scenario-Based Test Design 532

24.5 Testing Methods Applicable at the Class Level 532

24.5.1 Random Testing for OO Classes 532

24.5.2 Partition Testing at the Class Level 533

24.6 Interclass Test-Case Design 534

24.6.1 Multiple Class Testing 534

24.6.2 Tests Derived from Behavior Models 536

24.7 Summary 537

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 538

FURTHER READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES 538

CHAPTER 25 TESTING WEB APPLICATIONS 540

25.1 Testing Concepts for WebApps 541

25.1.1 Dimensions of Quality 541

25.1.2 Errors within a WebApp Environment 542

25.1.3 Testing Strategy 543

25.1.4 Test Planning 543

25.2 The Testing Process-An Overview 544

25.3 Content Testing 545

25.3.1 Content Testing Objectives 545

25.3.2 Database Testing 547

25.4 User Interface Testing 549

25.4.1 Interface Testing Strategy 549

25.4.2 Testing Interface Mechanisms 550

25.4.3 Testing Interface Semantics 552

25.4.4 Usability Tests 552

25.4.5 Compatibility Tests 554

25.5 Component-Level Testing 555

25.6 Navigation Testing 556

25.6.1 Testing Navigation Syntax 556

25.6.2 Testing Navigation Semantics 556

25.7 Configuration Testing 558

25.7.1 Server-Side Issues 558

25.7.2 Client-Side Issues 559

25.8 Security Testing 559

25.9 Performance Testing 560

25.9.1 Performance Testing Objectives 561

25.9.2 Load Testing 562

25.9.3 Stress Testing 562

25.10 Summary 563

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 564

FURTHER READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES 565

CHAPTER 26 TESTING MOBILEAPPS 567

26.1 Testing Guidelines 568

26.2 The Testing Strategies 569

26.2.1 Are Conventional Approaches Applicable? 570

26.2.2 The Need for Automation 571

26.2.3 Building a Test Matrix 572

26.2.4 Stress Testing 573

26.2.5 Testing in a Production Environment 573

26.3 Considering the Spectrum of User Interaction 574

26.3.1 Gesture Testing 575

26.3.2 Voice Input and Recognition 576

26.3.3 Virtual Key Board Input 577

26.3.4 Alerts and Extraordinary Conditions 577

26.4 Test Across Borders 578

26.5 Real-Time Testing Issues 578

26.6 Testing Tools and Environments 579

26.7 Summary 581

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 582

FURTHER READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES 582

CHAPTER 27 SECURITY ENGINEERING 584

27.1 Analyzing Security Requirements 585

27.2 Security and Privacy in an Online Warld 586

27.2.1 Social Media 587

27.2.2 Mobile Applications 587

27.2.3 Cloud Computing 587

27.2.4 The Internet of Things 588

27.3 Security Engineering Analysis 588

27.3.1 Security Requirement Elicitation 589

27.3.2 Security Modeling 590

27.3.3 Measures Design 591

27.3.4 Correctness Checks 591

27.4 Security Assurance 592

27.4.1 The Security Assurance Process 592

27.4.2 Organization and Management 593

27.5 Security Risk Analysis 594

27.6 The Role of Conventional Software Engineering Activities 595

27.7 Verification of Trustworthy Systems 597

27.8 Summary 599

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 599

FURTHER READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES 600

CHAPTER 28 FORMAL MODELING AND VERIFICATION 601

28.1 The Cleanroom Strategy 602

28.2 Functional Specification 604

28.2.1 Black-Box Specification 605

28.2.2 State-Box Specification 606

28.2.3 Clear-Box Specification 607

28.3 Cleanroom Design 607

28.3.1 Design Refinement 608

28.3.2 Design Verification 608

28.4 Cleanroom Testing 610

28.4.1 Statistical Use Testing 610

28.4.2 Certification 612

28.5 Rethinking Formal Methods 612

28.6 Formal Methods Concepts 615

28.7 Alternative Arguments 618

28.8 Summary 619

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 620

FURTHER READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES 621

CHAPTER 29 SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT 623

29.1 Software Configuration Management 624

29.1.1 An SCM Scenario 625

29.1.2 Elements of a Configuration Management System 626

29.1.3 Baselines 626

29.1.4 Software Configuration Items 628

29.1.5 Management of Dependencies and Changes 628

29.2 The SCM Repository 630

29.2.1 General Features and Content 630

29.2.2 SCM Features 631

29.3 The SCM Process 632

29.3.1 Identification of Objects in the Software Configuration 633

29.3.2 Version Control 634

29.3.3 Change Control 635

29.3.4 Impact Management 638

29.3.5 Configuration Audit 639

29.3.6 Status Reporting 639

29.4 Configuration Management for Web and MobileApps 640

29.4.1 Dominant Issues 641

29.4.2 Configuration Objects 642

29.4.3 Content Management 643

29.4.4 Change Management 646

29.4.5 Version Control 648

29.4.6 Auditing and Reporting 649

29.5 Summary 650

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 651

FURTHER READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES 651

CHAPTER 30 PRODUCT METRICS 653

30.1 A Framework for Product Metrics 654

30.1.1 Measures,Metrics,and Indicators 654

30.1.2 The Challenge of Product Metrics 655

30.1.3 Measurement Principles 656

30.1.4 Goal-Oriented Software Measurement 656

30.1.5 The Attributes of Effective Software Metrics 657

30.2 Metrics for the Requirements Model 659

30.2.1 Function-Based Metrics 659

30.2.2 Metrics for Specification Quality 662

30.3 Metrics for the Design Model 663

30.3.1 Architectural Design Metrics 663

30.3.2 Metrics for Object-Oriented Design 666

30.3.3 Class-Oriented Metrics-The CK Metrics Suite 667

30.3.4 Class-Oriented Metrics-The MOOD Metrics Suite 670

30.3.5 OO Metrics Proposed by Lorenz and Kidd 671

30.3.6 Component-Level Design Metrics 671

30.3.7 Operation-Oriented Metrics 671

30.3.8 User Interface Design Metrics 672

30.4 Design Metrics for Web and Mobile Apps 672

30.5 Metrics for Source Code 675

30.6 Metrics for Testing 676

30.6.1 Halstead Metrics Applied to Testing 676

30.6.2 Metrics for Object-Oriented Testing 677

30.7 Metrics for Maintenance 678

30.8 Summary 679

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 679

FURTHER READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES 680

PART FOUR MANAGING SOFTWARE PROJECTS 683

CHAPTER 31 PROJECT MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS 684

31.1 The Management Spectrum 685

31.1.1 The People 685

31.1.2 The Product 686

31.1.3 The Process 686

31.1.4 The Project 686

31.2 People 687

31.2.1 The Stakeholders 687

31.2.2 Team Leaders 688

31.2.3 The Software Team 689

31.2.4 Agile Teams 691

31.2.5 Coordination and Communication Issues 692

31.3 The Product 693

31.3.1 Software Scope 694

31.3.2 Problem Decomposition 694

31.4 The Process 694

31.4.1 Melding the Product and the Process 695

31.4.2 Process Decomposition 696

31.5 The Project 697

31.6 The W5HH Principle 698

31.7 Critical Practices 699

31.8 Summaty 700

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 700

FURTHER READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES 701

CHAPTER 32 PROCESS AND PROJECT METRICS 703

32.1 Metrics in the Process and Project Domains 704

32.1.1 Process Metrics and Software Process Improvement 704

32.1.2 Project Metrics 707

32.2 Software Measurement 708

32.2.1 Size-Oriented Metrics 709

32.2.2 Function-Driented Metrics 710

32.2.3 Reconciling LOC and FP Metrics 711

32.2.4 Object-Oriented Metrics 713

32.2.5 Use Case-Oriented Metrics 714

32.2.6 WebApp Project Metrics 714

32.3 Metrics for Software Quality 716

32.3.1 Measuring Quality 717

32.3.2 Defect Removal Efficiency 718

32.4 Integrating Metrics within the Software Process 719

32.4.1 Arguments for Software Metrics 720

32.4.2 Establishing a Baseline 720

32.4.3 Metrics Collection,Computation and Evaluation 721

32.5 Metrics for Small Organizations 721

32.6 Establishing a Software Metrics Program 722

32.7 Summary 724

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 724

FURTHER READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES 725

CHAPTER 33 ESTIMATION FOR SOFTWARE PROJECTS 727

33.1 Observations on Estimation 728

33.2 The Project Planning Process 729

33.3 Software Scope and Feasibility 730

33.4 Resources 731

33.4.1 Human Resources 731

33.4.2 Reusable Software Resources 732

33.4.3 Environmental Resources 732

33.5 Software Project Estimation 733

33.6 Decomposition Techniques 734

33.6.1 Software Sizing 734

33.6.2 Problem-Based Estimation 735

33.6.3 An Example of LOC-Based Estimation 736

33.6.4 An Example of FP-Based Estimation 738

33.6.5 Process-Based Estimation 739

33.6.6 An Example of Process-Based Estimation 740

33.6.7 Estimation with Use Cases 740

33.6.8 An Example of Estimation Using Use Case Points 742

33.6.9 Reconciling Estimates 742

33.7 Empirical Estimation Models 743

33.7.1 The Structure of Estimation Models 744

33.7.2 The COCOMOⅡ Model 744

33.7.3 The Software Equation 744

33.8 Estimation for Object-Oriented Projects 746

33.9 Specialized Estimation Techniques 746

33.9.1 Estimation for Agile Development 746

33.9.2 Estimation for WebApp Projects 747

33.10 The Make/Buy Decision 748

33.10.1 Creating a Decision Tree 749

33.10.2 Outsourcing 750

33.11 Summary 752

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 752

FURTHER READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES 753

CHAPTER 34 PROJECT SCHEDULING 754

34.1 Basic Concepts 755

34.2 Project Scheduling 757

34.2.1 Basic Principles 758

34.2.2 The Relationship between People and Effort 759

34.2.3 Effort Distribution 760

34.3 Defining a Task Set for the Software Project 761

34.3.1 A Task Set Example 762

34.3.2 Refinement of Major Tasks 763

34.4 Defining a Task Network 764

34.5 Scheduling 765

34.5.1 Time-Line Charts 766

34.5.2 Tracking the Schedule 767

34.5.3 Tracking Progress for an OO Project 768

34.5.4 Scheduling for WebApp and Mobile Projects 769

34.6 Earned Value Analysis 772

34.7 Summary 774

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 774

FURTHER READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES 776

CHAPTER 35 RISK MANAGEMENT 777

35.1 Reactive versus Proactive Risk Strategies 778

35.2 Software Risks 778

35.3 Risk Identification 780

35.3.1 Assessing Overall Project Risk 781

35.3.2 Risk Components and Drivers 782

35.4 Risk Projection 782

35.4.1 Developing a Risk Table 783

35.4.2 Assessing Risk Impact 785

35.5 Risk Refinement 787

35.6 Risk Mitigation,Monitoring,and Management 788

35.7 The RMMM Plan 790

35.8 Summary 792

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 792

FURTHER READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES 793

CHAPTER 36 MAINTENANCE AND REENGINEERING 795

36.1 Software Maintenance 796

36.2 Software Supportability 798

36.3 Reengineering 798

36.4 Business Process Reengineering 799

36.4.1 Business Processes 799

36.4.2 A BPR Model 800

36.5 Software Reengineering 802

36.5.1 A Software Reengineering Process Model 802

36.5.2 Software Reengineering Activities 803

36.6 Reverse Engineering 805

36.6.1 Reverse Engineering to Understand Data 807

36.6.2 Reverse Engineering to Understand Processing 807

36.6.3 Reverse Engineering User Interfaces 808

36.7 Restructuring 809

36.7.1 Code Restructuring 809

36.7.2 Data Restructuring 810

36.8 Forward Engineering 811

36.8.1 Forward Engineering for Client-Server Architectures 812

36.8.2 Forward Engineering for Object-Oriented Architectures 813

36.9 The Economics of Reengineering 813

36.10 Summary 814

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 815

FURTHER READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES 816

PART FIVE ADVANCED TOPICS 817

CHAPTER 37 SOFTWARE PROCESS IMPROVEMENT 818

37.1 What Is SPI? 819

37.1.1 Approaches to SPI 819

37.1.2 Maturity Models 821

37.1.3 Is SPI for Everyone? 822

37.2 The SPI Process 823

37.2.1 Assessment and Gap Analysis 823

37.2.2 Education and Trainina 825

37.2.3 Selection and Justification 825

37.2.4 Installation/Migration 826

37.2.5 Evaluation 827

37.2.6 Risk Management for SPI 827

37.3 The CMMI 828

37.4 The People CMM 832

37.5 Other SPI Frameworks 832

37.6 SPI Return on Investment 834

37.7 SPI Trends 835

37.8 Summary 836

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 837

FURTHER READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES 837

CHAPTER 38 EMERGING TRENDS IN SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 839

38.1 Technology Evolution 840

38.2 Prospects for a True Engineering Discipline 841

38.3 Observing Software Engineering Trends 842

38.4 Identifying"Soft Trends" 843

38.4.1 Managing Complexity 845

38.4.2 Open-World Software 846

38.4.3 Emergent Requirements 846

38.4.4 The Talent Mix 847

38.4.5 Software Building Blocks 847

38.4.6 Changing Perceptions of"Value" 848

38.4.7 Open Source 848

38.5 Technology Directions 849

38.5.1 Process Trends 849

38.5.2 The Grand Challenge 851

38.5.3 Collaborative Development 852

38.5.4 Requirements Engineering 852

38.5.5 Model Driven Software Development 853

38.5.6 Postmodern Design 854

38.5.7 Test-Driven Development 854

38.6 Tools-Related Trends 855

38.7 Summary 857

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 857

FURTHER READINGS AND IN FORMATION SOURCES 858

CHAPTER 39 CONCLUDING COMMENTS 860

39.1 The Importance of Software-Revisited 861

39.2 People and the Way They Build Systems 861

39.3 New Modes for Representing Information 862

39.4 The Long View 864

39.5 The Software Engineer's Responsibility 865

39.6 A Final Comment from RSP 867

APPENDIX 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO UML 869

APPENDIX 2 OBJECT-ORIENTED CONCEPTS 891

APPENDIX 3 FORMAL METHODS 899

REFERENCES 909

INDEX 933