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PART Ⅰ THE SCOPE AND MACHINERY OF REGULATION 1

CHAPTER Ⅰ THE SUBJECT MATTER OF REGULATION：RATES，SERVICE，MANAGEMENT 3

Section 1．Regulation and agricultural depression 3

Sec．2．State commissions 5

Sec．3．Rates and charges 7

Sec．4．Service and management 9

Sec．5．Management and profits 12

Sec．6．State and interstate regulations 13

CHAPTER Ⅱ THE AGENCIES OF REGULATION 14

Section 1．Commission regulation 14

Sec．2．State commissions and the Interstate Commerce Commission 15

Sec．3．The Shreveport Case 16

Sec．4．The organization of the Interstate Commerce Commission 18

Sec．5．Personnel of the Commission 19

Sec．6．Divisional organization 21

Sec．7．Bureau organization 24

CHAPTER Ⅲ PRACTICE BEFORE COMMISSIONS 28

Section 1．The administrative body 28

Sec．2．Informality of procedure 29

Sec．3．Classes of controversies，formal and informal complaints 31

Sec．4．Rules of procedure 33

Sec．5．Machinery of procedure 35

Sec．6．General investigations and ex parte hearings 37

CHAPTER Ⅳ THE COMMISSIONS AND THE COURTS 41

Section 1．The function of the court in regulation 41

Sec．2．Defined powers of commissions 42

Sec．3．The Abilene Case 44

Sec．4．Constitutionality of state laws 45

Sec．5．The confiscation doctrine 46

Sec．6．State and Federal powers 47

Sec．7．The review of orders 51

Sec．8．The enforcement of orders 52

Sec．9．Reparation under the Interstate Commerce Act 52

PART Ⅱ RATES 57

CHAPTER Ⅴ THE RATE MAKING POWER 59

Section 1．Competitive rate making 59

Sec．2．The Commission＇s rate making power 59

Sec．3．Agency issues 60

Sec．4．Tariff publication 61

Sec．5．Maximum，absolute，minimum rates 62

Sec．6．The suspension power 64

Sec．7．The rule of rate making 67

CHAPTER Ⅵ THE PUBLISHED RATE 70

Section 1．The publication principle 70

Sec．2．Publication rules 71

Sec．3．The pass problem 73

Sec．4．False billing 75

Sec．5．＂Beating the rate，＂ 76

Sec．6．Legal allowances 78

Sec．7．Industrial railroads and tap lines 80

CHAPTER Ⅶ THE ECONOMICS OF RATE MAKING 84

Section 1．The dual problem of reasonableness 84

Sec．2．Economic peculiarities of railroads：Large specialized plant 85

Sec．3．Joint costs 86

Sec．4．Constant and variable costs 88

Sec．5．What the traffic will bear 90

Sec．6．Diversion 93

Sec．7．Destruction 93

Sec．8．The zone of reasonableness 96

Sec．9．Classification and class rates，commodity rates 100

CHAPTER Ⅷ GENERAL RATE LEVELS 103

Section 1．The general rate level 103

Sec．2．Advanced rate cases，1903 and 1910 104

Sec．3．The Five Per Cent Case 108

Sec．4．The war-time advance 110

Sec．5．The Transportation Act 117

Sec．6．Increased rates，1920 112

Sec．7．Decreased rates and what the traffic will bear 113

Sec．8．Reduced Rates，1922 116

CHAPTER Ⅸ THE EQUALIZATION PRINCIPLE 118

Section 1．Local discrimination and business competition 118

Sec．2．Competition between common terminals 122

Sec．3．Cross country competition 123

Sec．4．In-and-out rate adjustments 126

Sec．5．The Shreveport Case，once more 128

Sec．6．Common point adjustments 128

Sec．7．Proportional rates as a means of equalization，＂Gateway competition，＂ 130

Sec．8．Port differentials 133

Sec．9．Transit privileges 135

CHAPTER Ⅹ THE DISTANCE PRINCIPLE 139

Section 1．Distance as a measure of service 139

Sec．2．Passenger rates 139

Sec．3．Terminal and haulage costs 141

Sec．4．The tapering principle 142

Sec．5．Logical rate scales 146

Sec．6．Distance tables 149

Sec．7．Market competition and distance rates 150

Sec．8．The rate making of desperation 155

CHAPTER Ⅺ THE LONG AND SHORT HAUL PRINCIPLE 157

Section 1．The long and short haul clause 157

Sec．2．Departure from the rule 158

Sec．3．Control of the long haul rate 158

Sec．4．Circuitous routes 160

Sec．5．The fifteen per cent rule 162

Sec．6．Group rates 164

Sec．7．Short lines 164

Sec．8．Potential water competition 165

Sec．9．Character of the commodity 168

Sec．10．Controlling market competition 169

Sec．11．The extent of relief 172

Sec．12．Relative reasonableness and the rate adjustment 174

CHAPTER Ⅻ GROUP RATE PRINCIPLES 177

Section 1．The group rate device 177

Sec．2．The＂distance-group rate principle＂ 178

Sec．3．Distance and differentials 182

Sec．4．Lake cargo coal differentials 187

Sec．5．The long and short haul principle and group rates 189

Sec．6．The southern rate structure 196

See．7．Maximum rates 200

Sec．8．The transcontinental adjustment 201

PART Ⅲ SERVICE 205

CHAPTER ⅩⅢ THE SERVICE OBLIGATION 207

Section 1．Rates and service：Service principles 207

Sec．2．The failure of service competition 209

Sec．3．The achievement of private initiative 211

Sec．4．Special service and economy 214

Sec．5．Delay in regulating service 217

Sec．6．The scope of service regulation 219

Sec．7．Safety and adequacy of service 220

Sec．8．Continuity of service 221

CHAPTER ⅩⅣ REGULATION OF SAFETY AND HEALTH 223

Section 1．The police powers of the states 223

Sec．2．Conflicting state requirements 225

Sec．3．Federal Safety Appliance Act 227

Sec．4．Hours of Service Law 229

Sec．5．Twenty-eight Hour Live Stock Law 229

Sec．6．The Boiler Inspection Act 231

Sec．7．The Accidents Reports Act 232

Sec．8．Federal Employers＇Liability Act 233

Sec．9．Automatic train control 234

CHAPTER ⅩⅤ TRAINS AND TRAIN MOVEMENT 237

Section 1．The technical nature of operation 237

Sec．2．The Transportation Act，1920，and train service 238

Sec．3．Discrimination in train service 239

Sec．4．State regulations 238

Sec．5．Train stop statutes 241

Sec．6．Speed regulations 242

Sec．7．Abandonment of train service 243

CHAPTER ⅩⅥ CAR SUPPLY AND CAR DISTRIBUTION 245

Section 1．Car shortage 245

Sec．2．The per diem agreement 249

Sec．3．Specialized equipment 250

Sec．4．Car distribution 252

Sec．5．Assigned car rule 254

Sec．6．Duties of shippers 257

Car peddling 259

CHAPTER ⅩⅦ THROUGH ROUTES AND ROUTING OF FREIGHT 260

Section 1．The shipper＇s control over routing 260

Sec．2．Through routes and joint rates 261

Sec．3．Market competition 262

Sec．4．The division of through rates 265

Sec．5．The binding character of routing instructions 268

Sec．6．Unrouted traffic 270

CHAPTER ⅩⅧ TERMINALS AND TERMINAL FACILITIES 272

Section 1．Importance of terminals 272

Sec．2．The opening of terminals to competitors 275

Sec．3．Closed and open terminals 276

Sec．4．Emergency control over terminals 279

Sec．5．Extension of terminals 280

CHAPTER ⅩⅨ SPECIAL PRIVILEGES AND FACILITIES 282

Section 1．The publication of privileges and facilities 282

Sec．2．Elevation of grain 284

Sec．3．Loading and unloading of freight 286

Sec．4．Transit privileges 289

Sec．5．Reconsignment 290

Sec．6．Service and rates，once more 292

CHAPTER ⅩⅩ NEW CONSTRUCTION AND ABANDONMENTS 293

Section 1．The decline of competitive building 293

Sec．2．The power to require extensions 294

Sec．3．The abandonment of railroad property 299

PART Ⅳ MANAGEMENT 305

CHAPTER ⅩⅪ THE FUNCTION OF RAILROAD MANAGEMENT 307

Section 1．The obligation to earn 307

Sec．2．The director system of management 308

Sec．3．Railroad credit 310

Sec．4．Permanent improvements and traffic congestion 313

Sec．5．Unproductive improvements 314

Sec．6．Financing equipment needs 315

Sec．7．State regulation 317

Sec．8．The dual problem of railroad management 318

CHAPTER ⅩⅫ THE REHABILITATION OF RAILROAD CREDIT 310

Section 1．The transition to private control 320

Sec．2．The rule of rate making，once more 322

Sec．3．The recapture of excess earnings 325

Sec．4．The revolving．fund 327

Sec．5．The carriers＇share 329

Sec．6．The unearned increment 331

Sec．7．The rule of rate making and valuation 333

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅢ RAILROAD VALUATION 335

Section 1．The Valuation Act of 1913 335

Sec．2．Smyth v．Ames 337

Sec．3．The Bureau of Valuation 338

Sec．4．Cost of reproduction 341

Sec．5．Railroad land 343

Sec．6．＂Other values，or elements of value＂ 346

Sec．7．The weakness of the Commission＇s valuations 347

Sec．8．The future of the valuation 350

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅣ THE PROTECTION OF INVESTORS 353

Section 1．The protection of railroad income 353

Sec．2．The building of new lines 354

Sec．3．The Wisconsin Rate Case 353

Sec．4．The division of joint rates 358

Sec．5．The weakness of the director system 362

Sec．6．Banker management 364

Sec．7．The regulation of securities 366

Sec．8．Leases 369

Sec．9．Civil and criminal liability 370

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅤ THE ADJUSTMENT OF LABOR DISPUTES 372

Section 1．The railroad wage bill 372

Sec．2．Federal control and labor 373

Sec．3．The national agreements 374

Sec．4．The Railroad Labor Board 376

Sec．5．The 1920 wage advance 381

Sec．6．Abrogation of the national agreements 383

Sec．7．The Pennsylvania election dispute 387

Sec．8．Contracting of maintenance 388

Sec．9．Wage reductions，1922 390

Sec．10．Cooperation，Labor Board and Interstate Commerce Commission 396

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅥ THE INTEGRITY OF THE ACCOUNTS 398

Section 1．The need for sound accounting 398

Sec．2．Dual responsibility of railroad accounting officers 401

Sec．3．Recapture of excess earnings 402

Sec．4．Maintenance and depreciation 403

Sec．5．Obsolescence 405

Sec．6．Balance sheet items 406

Sec．7．Valuation and consolidation 408

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅦ RAILROAD CONSOLIDATION 410

Section 1．Consolidation as a policy 410

Sec．2．Competition as a governing rule 411

Sec．3．Existing channels of trade and commerce 413

Sec．4．Weak and strong roads 144

Sec．5．The Ripley report and the Commission＇s scheme 415

Sec．6．Official classification territory，trunk lines 417

Sec．7．The South 424

Sec．8．The Southwest 417

Sec．9．Transcontinental competitors 426

Sec．10．The organization problem 432

Sec．11．The problem of the future：voluntary or compulsory consolidation 433

APPENDIX Ⅰ DEVELOPMENT OF FEDERAL REGULATION 437

APPENDIX Ⅱ SUGGESTED READINGS 441

APPENDIX Ⅲ TABLE OF CASES 449

INDEX 481