Trends In Nursing History Their Relationship To World Events Second EditionPDF电子书下载

PART Ⅰ．ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS (Circa 5000 B．C．－500 A．D．) 1

Introduction:Our Changing World 1

Chapter Ⅰ Life among Primitive Peoples 5

Summary 14

Topics for Discussion 15

References 15

Chapter Ⅱ Migration of Tribes 17

Egypt 17

The Fertile Crescent 27

Babylonia 28

Assyria 32

Palestine 43

The Far East 43

India 44

China 51

Greece 57

Epidauros，a Temple of Asklepios 62

Greek Women 71

Rome 75

Roman Women 82

Persia 85

The Far West 86

Temples 88

Summary of Conditions al 1 A．D 91

Topics for Discussion 93

References 98

Chapter Ⅲ The Birth of Christ in Bethlehem (1－500 A．D．) 100

Christ，the Redeemer 101

Saul of Tarsus 106

Early Christian Orders for Women 109

Influence of Constantine the Great 115

Roman Matrons 119

Diakonia and Xenodochia 122

Status of Medicine and Nursing 127

The Fall of Rome in 476 A．D 132

Summary，1 to 500 A．D 136

Graph showing Medicine and Nursing of Ancient Civilizations 140

Topics for Discussion 141

References 142

PART Ⅱ．THE MIDDLE AGES (Circa 500－1500 A．D．) 144

Chapter Ⅳ The Early Middle Ages:Society in Small Cooperative Units 144

Christian Monasticism 147

Women of Monasticism 156

Feudalism and Chivalry 160

Guilds 164

Islam，a Rival of Christianity 167

Charlemagne Promotes Social Recovery through Education 177

Medicine and Nursing 179

Summary of Early Middle Ages 182

Topics for Discussion 184

References 185

Chapter Ⅴ The Late Middle Ages:Society Becoming Mobile;Detachment of Individuals 187

William the Conqueror 192

The Crusades (1096－1271) 193

Orders of Military Nurses 196

Rise of Mendicant Orders 202

The Second Order of St．Francis 207

Rise of Secular Orders:The Third Order of St．Francis 208

Gains and Losses of the Crusaders 214

Social Changes Associated with the Crusades 215

Chivalry Influences the Position of Women 218

Great Plagues of the Fourteenth Century 221

St．Catherine of Siena:Hospital Nurse and Visiting Nurse 225

Medicine during the Late Middle Ages 229

Growth of Hospitals 235

Nursing during the Middle Ages 240

Summary of the Middle Ages 246

Graph showing Nursing of the Middle Ages 249

Topics for Discussion 250

References 251

PART Ⅲ．THE MODERN ERA (Circa 1500－) SCIENTIFIC，ECONOMIC，AND SOCIAL EVOLUTION 253

Chapter Ⅵ Renaissance，Protestant Revolt，and a Decline in Nursing (1500-1860) 253

The Renaissance 253

The Protestant Revolt 262

Transfer of European Culture to America 263

Medicine of the Renaissance 267

Public Health Movement:Era of Sanitation 277

Women of the Renaissance 279

A Decline in Nursing 290

Summary，1500 to 1860 297

Topics for Discussion 298

References 300

Chapter Ⅶ Early Hospitals and Nursing in America 301

New Spain 301

New France 307

New England 319

Summary 333

Topics for Discussion 337

References 338

Chapter Ⅷ Sporadic Efforts at Social Reform 340

Ⅰ．Catholic Reform 340

Ⅱ．Protestant Reform 348

The Fliedners at Kaiserwerth 361

Florence Nightingale:Reformer of Hospitals and Nursing 373

Summary 397

Topics for Discussion 399

References 400

Chapter Ⅸ Modern Development of Social Agencies (1860-1893) 401

Reform in Nursing 401

Modern District Nursing 406

Workhouse Infirmary Reform 408

Birth of the Red Cross in 1864 410

Nursing in the American Civil War (1861-5) 414

Founding of American Red Cross Society (1882) 424

Reform of Nursing in America 425

Other Evidence of Social Reform 445

The New Nurse 448

Medicine Enters a Revolutionary Period (1860－1893) 450

Summary，1860 to 1893 456

Topics for Discussion 458

References 460

Chapter Ⅹ Group Consciousness Develops with Growth of Schools (1893－1920) 461

Nursing during the World War of 1914－1918 483

Post-War Reconstruction 493

General Trend in Nursing from 1893 to 1920 496

Changing Aims in Medicine 498

Summary (1893－1920) 503

Topics for Discussion 507

References 508

Chapter Ⅺ Raising the Level of Nursing Education (1920－1935) 509

The Rockefeller Survey (1920－1923) 509

A Comparative Study of Nursing Schools (1926－1934) 514

A Critical Survey of Medical Practice (1927－1932) 527

Summary，1920－1935 529

Topics for Discussion 531

References 531

Chapter Ⅻ Adjusting to Rapid Social Change 533

Legislation Controlling Nursing Practice 533

The Social Security Act of 1935 534

Putting the Act into Effect 535

Stabilizing Trends in Hospitals 537

World War Ⅱ (1939－) 538

Graph showing Nursing of the Modern Era 550

Summary，1935 to the present time 551

Topics for Discussion 553

References 553

Chapter ⅩⅢ International Relationships 554

Graph showing General World-Pattern of Nursing 555

France 558

Germany 562

Belgium 569

Countries of Northern Europe 572

Italy 575

Greece and Palestine 575

Oriental Countries 577

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 583

Mexico 585

South American Republics 591

Congresses of the International Council of Nursing 593

Florence Nightingale International Foundation 597

Summary 602

Topics for Discussion 604

References 604

Chapter ⅩⅣ Nursing Economics 607

Topics for Discussion 620

References 621

Chapter ⅩⅤ The Nurse as a Citizen 622

Index 625