热力学：第6版PDF电子书下载

1 Basic Concepts and Definitions 1

1-1 The Nature of Thermodynamics 2

1-2 Dimensions and Units 3

1-3 System, Property, and State 8

1-4 Density, Specific Volume, and Specific Gravity 13

1-5 Pressure 14

1-6 The Zeroth Law and Temperature 20

1-7 Problem-Solving Techniques 25

1-8 Summary 27

Problems 29

2 The First Law of Thermodynamics 36

2-1 Concepts of Work and Energy 37

2-2 The First Law of Thermodynamics 49

2-3 A Conservation of Energy Principle for Closed Systems 50

2-4 The Nature of the Energy E 56

2-5 Heat Transfer 58

2-6 Expansion and Compression Work 61

2-7 Elastic Spring Work 71

2-8 Other Quasiequilibrium Work Interactions 73

2-9 Summary 77

Problems 78

3 Properties of a Pure, Simple Compressible Substance 95

3-1 The State Postulate and Simple Systems 96

3-2 The PvT Surface 97

3-3 The Pressure-Temperature Diagram 100

3-4 The Pressure-Specific Volume Diagram 101

3-5 The Temperature-Specific Volume Diagram 103

3-6 Tables of Properties of Pure Substances 104

3-7 Tabular Data and Closed-System Energy Analysis 119

3-8 The Specific Heats 126

3-9 Summary 128

3-10 Appendix: Fundamentals of Partial Derivatives 130

Problems 131

4 The Ideal Gas, Corresponding States, and Incompressible Models 148

4-1 Ideal-Gas Equation of State 149

4-2 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific-Heat Relations for Ideal Gases 153

4-3 Specific Heats of Ideal Gases 155

4-4 Energy Analysis of Closed Ideal-Gas Systems 161

4-5 The Compressibility Factor and the Corresponding States Principle 166

4-6 Property Relations for Incompressible Substances 172

4-7 Summary 177

Problems 178

5 Control-Volume Energy Analysis 200

5-1 Introduction 201

5-2 Conservation of Mass Principle for a Control Volume 201

5-3 Conservation of Energy Principle for a Control Volume 208

5-4 Steady-State Control-Volume Energy Equations 213

5-5 Comments on Problem-Solving Techniques 215

5-6 Engineering Applications Involving Steady-State Control Volumes 219

5-7 Introduction to Thermodynamic Cycles 234

5-8 Transient (Unsteady) Flow Analysis 240

5-9 Summary 250

Problems 251

6 The Second Law and Entropy 279

6-1 Introduction 280

6-2 Heat Engines, Refrigerators, and Heat Pumps 282

6-3 Second-Law Statements 288

6-4 Reversible and Irreversible Processes 295

6-5 The Second Law and Entropy--Classical Presentation 298

6-5-1 Analytical Forms of the Kelvin-Planck Statement 299

6-5-2 General Second-Law Limitations for Heat Engines 301

6-5-3 The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale 304

6-5-4 Performance Standards for Reversible Heat Engines 306

6-5-5 The Clausius Inequality 308

6-5-6 The Entropy Function 310

6-5-7 Entropy Generation and the Closed-System Entropy Balance 311

6-6 The Second Law and Entropy--Alternate Presentation 314

6-6-1 The Second-Law Postulate 314

6-6-2 An Entropy Balance for a Closed System 316

6-6-3 The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale and the Carnot Efficiency 317

6-6-4 Measuring the Entropy Function 320

6-6-5 Equivalence of the Four Statements of the Second Law 321

6-7 Entropy Balance for a Control Volume 323

6-8 Increase in Entropy Principle for a Closed System 325

6-9 Second-Law Limitations on the Performance of Heat Engines, Refrigerators, and Heat Pumps 327

6-10 Heat Transfer and the TS Diagram 339

6-10-1 Entropy Change for a Thermal-Energy Reservoir 339

6-10-2 Entropy Generation Associated with Heat Transfer 341

6-10-3 Loss in Work Potential Associated with Heat Transfer 344

6-11 Applications 346

6-12 Entropy in Terms of Randomness and Probability 354

6-13 Summary 358

Problems 360

7 Evaluation of Entropy Change and the Control-Volume Entropy Balance 385

7-1 Graphical and Tabular Presentation of Entropy Data 386

7-2 The T dS Equations for Pure, Simple Compressible Substances 393

7-3 Entropy Change of an Ideal Gas 395

7-4 Entropy Change of an Incompressible Substance 400

7-5 Applications of the Steady-State Entropy Balance for a Control Volume 403

7-6 Steady-Flow Work Relationships 413

7-7 Summary 417

Problems 419

8 Some Consequences of the Second Law 435

8-1 Isentropic Processes 436

8-2 Adiabatic Efficiencies of Steady-Flow Devices 448

8-3 The Carnot Cycle 462

8-4 The Transient Adiabatic-Discharge Process 467

8-5 Summary 469

Problems 470

9 Availability (Exergy) and Irreversibility 487

9-1 Introduction 488

9-2 Work and Entropy Production 488

9-3 Availability 491

9-4 Control-Volume Availability Analysis 505

9-5 Second-Law Efficiency or Effectiveness 511

9-6 Summary 519

Problems 521

10 NONREACTIVE IDEAL-GAS MIXTURES 530

10-1 Composition Analysis of Gas Mixtures 531

10-2 PvT Relationships for Ideal-Gas Mixtures 535

10-3 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Entropy for Ideal-Gas Mixtures 538

10-4 Mixing Processes Involving Ideal Gases 545

10-5 Properties of an Ideal Gas-Vapor Mixture 550

10-6 The Adiabatic-Saturation and Wet-Bulb Temperatures 558

10-7 The Psychrometric Chart 561

10-8 Air-Conditioning Processes 564

10-9 Summary 585

Problems 588

II PvT Behavior of Real Gases and Real-Gas Mixtures 614

11-1 The Virial Equation of State 615

11-2 Two-Constant Equations of State 616

11-3 Other Equations of State 620

11-4 Real-Gas Mixtures 622

11-5 Summary 627

Suggested Readings and References 629

Problems 629

12. Generalized Thermodynamic Relationships 634

12-1 Fundamentals of Partial Derivatives 635

12-2 Some Fundamental Property Relations 637

12-3 Generalized Relations for Changes in Entropy,Internal Energy, and Enthalpy 639

12-4 Generalized Relations for cp and cv 644

12-5 Vapor Pressure and the Clapeyron Equation 649

12-6 The Joule-Thomson Coefficient 653

12-7 Generalized Thermodynamic Charts 657

12-8 Development of Property Tables 664

12-9 Summary 667

Problems 669

13 Chemical Reactions 679

13-1 Stoichiometry of Reactions 680

13-2 Actual Combustion Processes 686

13-3 The Enthalpy of Formation 690

13-4 Steady-Flow Energy Analysis of Reacting Mixtures 693

13-5 Adiabatic Flame Temperature 698

13-6 Constant-Volume Thermochemical Analysis 702

13-7 Enthalpy of Reaction and Heating Values 706

13-8 Second Law Analysis of Reactions 711

13-9 Availability Analysis of Reacting Systems 716

13-10 Fuel Cells 722

13-11 Summary 729

Problems 731

14 Chemical Equilibrium 753

14-1 Introduction 754

14-2 The Gibbs Criterion 756

14-3 Equilibrium and the Chemical Potential 759

14-4 The Chemical Potential of an Ideal Gas 761

14-5 The Equilibrium Constants K0 and Kp 762

14-6 Calculation of K0 Values 765

14-7 Calculation of Equilibrium Compositions 767

14-8 First-Law Analysis of Equilibrium Ideal-Gas Mixtures 774

14-9 The van't Hoff Equation Relating KB and hR 777

14-10 Simultaneous Reactions 779

14-11 Summary 782

Problems 783

17 Refrigeration Systems 967

17-1 The Reversed Carnot Cycle 968

17-2 The Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle 969

17-3 Heat Pumps 980

17-4 Cascade and Multistaged Vapor-Compression Systems 982

17-5 Liquefaction and Solidification of Gases 989

17-6 Gas Refrigeration Cycles 991

17-7 Stirling Refrigeration Cycle 993

17-8 Absorption Refrigeration 996

17-9 Availability Analysis of a Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle 999

17-10 Summary 1003

Problems 1004

Bibliography 1025

A-1 Supplementary Tables and Figures(SI Units) 1027

Table A-1 Physical Constants and Conversion Factors 1028

Table A-2 Molar Mass, Critical Constants, and Gas-Phase Specific Heats at 25℃ and 1 atm for Some Common Substances 1029

Table A-3 Ideal-Gas Specific-Heat Data for Selected Gases, kJ/kg·K 1030

Table A-4 Specific Heats of Some Common Liquids and Solids 1032

Table A-5 Ideal-gas Properties of Air 1033

Table A-6 Ideal-Gas Enthalpy, Interna) Energy, and Absolute Entropy of Diatomic Nitrogen (N2) 1035

Table A-7 Ideal-Gas Enthalpy, Internal Energy, and Absolute Entropy of Diatomic Oxygen (O2) 1037

Table A-8 Ideal-Gas Enthalpy, Internal Energy, and Absolute Entropy of Carbon Monoxide (CO) 1039

Table A-9 Ideal-Gas Enthalpy, Internal Energy, and Absolute Entropy of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 1041

Table A-10 Ideal-Gas Enthalpy, Internal Energy, and Absolute Entropy of Water (H2O) 1043

Table A-11 Ideal-Gas Enthalpy, Internal Energy, and Absolute Entropy of Diatomic Hydrogen (H2),Monatomic Oxygen (O), and Hydroxy 1 (OH) 1045

Table A-12 Properties of Saturated Water:Temperature Table 1047

Table A-13 Properties of Saturated Water: Pressure Table 1049

Table A-14 Properties of Water: Superheated-Vapor Table 1051

Table A-15 Properties of Water: Compressed-Liquid Table 1055

Table A-16 Properties of Saturated Refrigerant 134a(CF4H2):Temperature Table 1056

Table A-17 Properties of Saturated Refrigerant 134a(CF4H2):Pressure Table 1057

Table A-18 Properties of Superheated Refrigerant 134a(CF4H2) 1058

Table A-19 Properties of Saturated Nitrogen (N2): Temperature and Pressure Tables 1061

Table A-20 Properties of Nitrogen (N2): Superheated-Vapor Table 1062

Table A-21 Thermodynamic Properties of Potassium 1063

Table A-22 Constants for the Benedict-Webb-Rubin,Redlich-Kwong,and van der Waals Equations of State 1064

Table A-23 Values of the Enthalpy of Formation, Gibbs Function of Formation, Absolute Entropy, and Enthalpy of Vaporization at 25℃ and 1 atm 1065

Table A-24 Logarithms to the Base 10 of the Equilibrium Constant K0 1066

Figure A-25 Psychrometric Chart, Metric Units, Barometric Pressure 1.01 bars 1067

Figure A-26 Mollier Diagram for Steam 1068

Figure A-27 Generalized Compressibility Chart, PR ≤ 1 1069

Figure A-28 Compressibility Chart, Low-Pressure Range 1070

Figure A-29 Compressibility Chart, High-Pressure Range 1071

Figure A-30 Generalized Enthalpy Chart 1072

Figure A-31 Generalized Entropy Chart 1073

Figure A-32 Temperature-Entropy Diagram for Refrigerant 134a 1074

A-2 Supplementary Tables and Figures(USCS Units) 1075

Table A-1E Physical Constants and Conversion Factors 1076

Table A-2E Molar Mass, Critical Constants, and Gas-Phase Specific Heats at 77°F and 1 atm for Some Common Substances 1077

Table A-3E Ideal-Gas Specific-Heat Data for Various Gases, Btu/lbm·°F 1078

Table A-4E Specific Heats of Some Common Liquids and Solids 1080

Table A-5E Ideal-Gas Properties of Air 1081

Table A-6E Ideal-Gas Enthalpy, Internal Energy, and Absolute Entropy of Diatomic Nitrogen (N2) 1083

Table A-7E Ideal-Gas Enthalpy, Internal Energy, and Absolute Entropy of Diatomic Oxygen (O2) 1085

Table A-8E Ideal-Gas Enthalpy, Internal Energy, and Absolute Entropy of Carbon Monoxide (CO) 1087

Figure A-24E Temperature-Entropy Diagram for Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 1117

Figure A-25E Psychrometric Chart, USCS Units, Barometric Pressure 14.696 psia 1118

Figure A-26E Mollier Diagram for Steam 1119

A-3 Introduction to EES 1120

Overview 1120

Background Information 1120

A Thermodynamics Example Problem 1124

Loading a Textbook File 1132

Symbols 1133

Selected Problem Answers 1138

Photo Credits 1155

Index 1156