CRIMINOLOGY FOURTH EDITIONPDF电子书下载

Introduction—Criminology: its origins and research methods 1

The origins of criminology 1

The development of criminology in Britain 2

The development of criminology in the USA 4

Britain's radical contribution 5

The past thirty years 6

Methods of criminological research 6

Quantitative research 7

Qualitative research 9

Conclusion 10

PARTⅠ CRIME AND CRIME CONTROL: ALTERNATIVE DISCOURSES 10

1 Crime: definitions and conflicting images 13

Problems of definition and context 13

Alternative definitions of'criminal' behaviour 16

Crime is in the eye of the beholder 19

Crime as protecting the interests of the powerful 20

Conflicting images of crime 21

Autonomous behaviour v structural forces 21

Rich law v poor law 22

Corporate crime v street crime 24

Terrorism v justifiable state action 28

Conclusion 30

2 The statistics on crime and their meaning 31

Court statistics 32

Police statistics 32

Reporting crime 33

Recording crime 35

The counting rules 38

The National Crime Recording Standard 39

Victim surveys 40

Self-report surveys 45

International crime comparisons 47

Official data 47

The International Crime Victims Survey 48

The International Study of Self-Reported Delinquency 49

Conclusion 49

3 The media and 'law and order' 51

Legal constraints on the media 51

Sources of the media's information on crime 52

The police 52

Other sources of information 53

Selection of crime news 53

The content of crime news 57

A media agenda? 59

The implications of the media's portrayal of crime 62

Deviance amplification 62

Moral panic 63

Public perception of crime 65

Effect on attitudes and behaviour 66

Effect on sentencers 68

Conclusion 68

PARTⅡ SOCIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS OF CRIME 68

4 The classical and positivist traditions 73

Pre-Enlightenment Europe 73

The classical school 74

Cesare Beccaria 75

Jeremy Bentham 77

Problems with classicism 78

The neoclassical school 79

The positivist school 80

Quetelet and Guerry 81

Cesare Lombroso 82

Enrico Ferri 83

Raffaele Garofalo 84

Evaluation 85

The classical and positivist approaches: later developments 87

Conclusion 89

5 Crime and the environment 90

The Victorian slum 90

The Chicago School and social disorganisation 92

Differential association—the interactionist link 96

Evaluation of differential association 98

The legacies of the Chicago School 100

Post-war developments in Britain 101

The growth of modern environmental criminology 102

Effects on social policy—USA 104

Effects on social policy—Britain 106

Conclusion 109

6 Poverty, anomie and strain 112

Crime and poverty 112

Crime and unemployment 113

Economic inequality 115

Conclusion 116

Functionalism and anomie 116

Emile Durkheim 117

Merton, anomie and strain 121

DUrkheim and Merton 124

Evaluation of Merton's theory 124

Empirical support 127

Early developments of anomie theory 127

More recent developments of anomie theory 128

Agnew's general strain theory 128

'Crime and the American Dream' 130

'The Exclusive Society' 132

Conclusion 132

7 Subcultural theories 134

Frederick M Thrasher 134

William F Whyte 135

Albert K Cohen 135

Walter B Miller 138

Criticism 140

Richard A Cloward and Lloyd E Ohlin 141

Delinquency and opportunity: criticisms 143

Evaluation of American subcultural theories 144

David Matza 145

The early British research 148

British subcultures in the 1970s 149

The new millennium—from gangs to delinquent youth groups 152

Girls and subcultures 153

Race and gangs 155

Conclusion 155

8 Interactionism and phenomenology 157

Interactionism 157

Evaluation 162

Policy implications 166

Reintegrative shaming 168

Conclusion 173

Phenomenology and ethnomethodology 174

Katz's 'Seductions of Crime' 177

Cultural criminology 179

Evaluation 180

9 Conflict, Marxist and radical theories of crime 181

Conflict theorists 181

Thorsten Sellin 181

George Vold 182

Ralf Dahrendorf 183

Austin T Turk 184

The transition 185

Richard Quinney 1 185

William Chambliss 1 186

Evaluation of conflict criminology 188

Marxist criminology 190

Willem Bonger 190

Richard Quinney 2 191

William Chambliss 2 192

Marxism and crime in Britain: 'The New Criminology' 193

Evaluation of Marxist criminology 197

Late modernism and the post modern condition 199

The 'risk society' 199

Post modernism 201

Peacemaking criminology 203

Constitutive criminology 203

Conclusion 204

10 Realist criminology and victims 206

Right Realism 206

Evaluation 209

Left Realism 210

Evaluation 213

Victims 217

Conclusion 223

11 Theories of control 225

Early social control theories 226

Travis Hirschi and social control 228

Gottfredson and Hirschi's individual control theory 230

Hagan's power control theory 234

Control theory in Britain 235

Evalualion 238

Tittle's control balance 240

Conclusion 242

12 Gender and crime 244

The extent of female crime 244

Traditional criminology: biological and psychological explanations 246

Cesare Lombroso 246

W I Thomas 247

Sigmund Freud 248

Otto Pollak 248

Later positivist work 249

Traditional criminology: sociological explanations 251

Female emancipation 256

Radical feminism 259

Masculinities and crime 260

Masculinities and crime: problems 263

Conclusion 265

PARTⅢ BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF CRIME 265

13 Biological factors and crime 269

Constitutional factors 269

Cesare Lombroso 269

Charles Goring 270

Earnest Hooton 271

William Sheldon and body types 272

Genetic factors 274

Twin studies 275

Adoption studies 277

Chromosome abnormalities 279

Biochemical factors 282

Neurotransmitters 282

Hormones 283

Nutrition and hypoglycaemia 286

The environment 287

Central nervous system 287

Epilepsy 288

Brain damage and dysfunction 289

Autonomic nervous system 291

Alcohol and drugs 292

Alcohol 293

Drugs 295

Conclusion 296

14 Intelligence, mental disorder and crime 300

Intelligence and crime 300

Background 300

Intelligence and crime 301

Race, intelligence and crime 303

Conclusion 305

Mental disorder and crime 306

The legal definition 307

The relationship between crime and mental disorder 308

Mental disorder in criminals 308

Criminal behaviour in mentally disordered populations 309

Forms of mental disorder 310

Mental disorder and violence 316

Conclusion 317

15 Personality theories 319

The search for 'criminal' traits 319

Psychoanalytic explanations of crime 320

The Freudian personality 321

Phases of personality development 322

Methods of dealing with instinctual urges 322

Resolution of the Oedipus complex 323

Later problems with the superego 324

Attachment 326

Evaluation 329

Conclusion 330

Learning theories 331

Classical conditioning 332

Operant learning 332

Social learning theory 333

Rational choice theory 335

TV and film violence 336

Differential association theory 339

Eysenck's theory of criminality 339

Structure of personality 340

The biological basis of personality 342

Socialisation 342

Gordon Trasler 343

Evaluation 343

Conclusion 344

16 Violent, aggressive and sexual offences 346

Violent and aggressive offences 346

Frequency of violent offences 347

Explanations of violent offending 348

Factors precipitating violence 351

The aggressive personality 351

Spouse or partner abuse 352

Child abuse 354

Sexual offences 358

Frequency of sexual offences 358

Explanations of sexual offending 360

Exposure 361

Sexual offences against children 362

Rape 364

Conclusion 369

And finally 371

Bibliography 375

Name index 429

Subject index 437