CriminologyPDF电子书下载

ONE The Study of Crime 5

Social Origins of the Criminal Law 5

The Social Image of the Criminal 12

Criminology: The Study of Crimi-nal Behavior 13

Strategies of Criminological Research 21

The Comparative and Historical Approaches 22

The Observational Technique 24

The Biographical Technique 26

The Analytic Induction Technique 28

The "Patterns of Crime" Technique 30

The "Combination of Tech-niques" Approach 32

The Cohort Study Technique 34

References 36

TWO The Costs of Crime 43

The Financial Costs of Crime 43

Physical Harm from Crime 54

Measuring the Seriousness of Crime 57

The Social Costs of Crime 59

References 68

THREE The Measurement of Crime 75

The Emergence of Modern Criminology 75

Official Crime Statistics in the United States 81

Crime Rates 84

Gathering Crime Statistics 89

The Measurement of Criminal Victimization 97

The Measurement of Crime by Self-Reports 103

References 105

FOUR The Social Dimensions of Crime 111

Geographical Variations in Crime Rates 111

Variations in Crime Rates by Size of Community 115

Crime within Metropolitan Areas 116

Urbanization, Migration, and Population Density 118

Temporal Variations in Crime Rates 121

Variations in Crime Rates by Sex 124

Victimization and Sex 129

Variations in Crime Rates by Age 130

Victimization and Age 134

Variations in Crime Rates by Race 134

Victimization and Race 138

Variations in Crime Rates by Social Class 139

Victimization and Social Class 141

References 141

FIVE Biological and Psychological Causes of Criminal Behavior 149

Biological Explanations of Crime 149

Psychological Explanations of Crime 157

Mental Deficiency Theories 157

Personality Characteristics 161

The Psychopathic Personality 164

The Psychoanalytic Perspective 166

Psychological Conditioning 170

Psychological Explanations and the Criminal Law 171

References 175

SIX Economic and Social Causes of Criminal Behavior 181

Economic and Social Causes of White-Collar Crime 181

Economic and Social Causes of Organized Crime 186

Economic and Social Causes of Conventional Crime 188

Anomie and Crime 191

Differential Opportunity and Crime 195

Social Class, Social Values, and Delinquency 197

The Subculture of Violence 200

Some Evidence on Social Class, Social Values,-and Delinquency 204

References 207

SEVEN Social Control and Commitment to the Law 213

Neutralizing the Law 213

Evidence on Techniques of Neutralization 222

Hirschi's Control Theory of Delinquency 227

Evidence on the Control Theory of Delinquency 230

Delinquency and the Family 232

Delinquency and the School 237

Delinquency and Other Social Bonds 238

References 242

EIGHT Learning to Commit Crime 249

The Theory of Differential Association 253

Evidence on the Theory of Differential Association 258

Labeling and Self-Concepts 266

The Rewards and Risks of Crime 272

References 283

NINE Opportunity and Organization to Commit Crime 293

The Target of the Crime 293

Victim-Offender Relationships 300

Alcohol as a Facilitator of Crime 308

Planning the Crime 309

Materiel for the Crime 312

The Organization of Criminal Behavior 316

Carrying out Plans for the Crime 324

After the Crime 326

References 328

TEN Criminal Careers 337

The Criminal Careers of Habitual Felons 341

A Cohort Study of Delinquency 344

The FBI's Study of Careers in Crime 348

Typologies of Criminal Careers 350

Leaving a Life of Crime 355

References 358

ELEVEN Community Reactions to Crime 363

The Informal Control of Crime 363

Public Support for the Law 370

Individual Response to Crime 373

Collective Response to Crime 378

Community Involvement in Crime Reduction Programs 382

References 385

TWELVE Deterrence, Incapacitation, and the Criminal Justice System 391

The Deterrence Model of Criminal Behavior 392

Deterrence and Individual Characteristics 395

Deterrence and the Nature of the Criminal Act 396

Deterrence and the Sanctioning Process 401

Deterrence and the Criminal Justice System 409

Deterrence and the Police 409

Deterrence and the Courts 413

Deterrence and the Prisons 414

Deterrence and Capital Punishment 414

The Incapacitative Effect of Punishment 416

References 418

THIRTEEN Retribution, Restitution, and the Criminal Justice System 425

The Social Functions of Retribution 428

Just Deserts: The Seriousness of Crimes 430

Just Deserts: The Unpleasantness of Penalties 433

Just Deserts: Linking Penalties to Crimes 435

Retribution and Capital Punishment 436

Retribution and the Criminal Justice System 438

Retribution and the Police 438

Retribution and the Courts 439

Retribution and the Prisons 441

Restitution: Just Deserts for the Victim 442

References 443

FOURTEEN Rehabilitation and the Criminal&Justice System 447

The Rehabilitative Rationale for Punishment 448

Rehabilitation and the Criminal Justice System 451

Rehabilitation and the Police 451

Rehabilitation and the Courts 452

Rehabilitation and the Prisons 454

The Effectiveness of Rehabilitation Programs 456

Measuring the Success of Treatment Programs 457

Types of Treatment Programs 459

Testing the Effects of a Group Counseling Program 461

The Evaluation of Treatment Methods 464

References 469

FIFTEEN Attacking the Crime Problem 473

Approaches to Solving the Crime Problem 473

The Politics of Crime 476

Crime and the Criminal Justice System 481

Attacking the Root Causes of Crime 484

References 491

Index 493