SurgeryPDF电子书下载

Chapter One 1

WOUND HEALING＆In collaboration with J．Englebert Dunphy,M．D． 1

Chapter Two 22

WOUND MANAGEMENT 22

Chapter Three 47

GRAFTING AND SUBSTITUTION＆In collaboration with Richard E．Wilson,M．D．,and Joseph E．Murray,M．D． 47

Chapter Four 74

THE SYSTEMIC EFFECTS OF TRAUMA＆In collaboration with Francis D．Moore,M．D． 74

Chapter Five 100

VISCERAL DISEASE IN SURGICAL PATIENTS 100

Gastrointestinal Tract 100

Respiratory Tract 126

Cardiovascular System 139

Liver 145

Endocrine System 149

Urinary Tract 158

Coagulation Mechanism 166

Chapter Six 176

THERAPY:ENTERAL AND PARENTERAL＆In collaboration with Francis D．Moore,M．D． 176

Chapter Seven 203

BURNS＆In collaboration with Francis D．Moore,M．D． 203

Chapter Eight 221

INFECTIONS 221

Chapter Nine 251

TUMORS 251

Chapter Ten 276

ANESTHESIA＆In collaboration with Leroy D．Vandam,M．D． 276

Chapter Eleven 314

THE BRAIN＆Contributed by William H．Sweet,M．D． 314

Chapter Twelve 370

THE SPINAL CORD＆Contributed by Donald D．Matson,M．D． 370

Chapter Thirteen 403

THE PERIPHERAL NERVES＆Contributed by Donald D．Matson,M．D． 403

Chapter Fourteen 420

PAIN＆Contributed by James C．White,M．D． 420

Chapter Fifteen 442

THE EYE＆Contributed by Garrett L．Sullivan,M．D． 442

Chapter Sixteen 472

THE EAR＆Contributed by Donald K．Lewis,M．D． 472

Chapter Seventeen 498

THE NOSE,SINUSES,AND NASOPHARYNX＆Contributed by John R．Richardson,M．D． 498

Chapter Eighteen 518

THE PHARYNX,HYPOPHARYNX,AND LARYNX＆Contributed by George F．Reed,M．D． 518

Chapter Nineteen 542

THE FACE,MOUTH,AND JAWS＆Contributed by Joseph E．Murray,M．D． 542

Chapter Twenty 563

THE THYROID AND PARATHYROID＆Contributed by Oliver Cope,M．D． 563

The Thyroid 563

The Parathyroid 581

Chapter Twenty-One 598

CHEST WALL,LUNGS,AND MEDIASTINUM＆Contributed by J．Gordon Scannell,M．D． 598

Chapter Twenty-Two 650

THE HEART 650

Chapter Twenty-Three 691

THE ESOPHAGUS AND DIAPHRAGM＆Contributed by George L．Nardi,M．D． 691

The Esophagus 691

The Diaphragm 710

Chapter Twenty-Four 717

THE BREAST＆Contributed by Andrew G．Jessiman,M．D． 717

Chapter Twenty-Five 744

THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT AND THE ACUTE ABDOMEN＆Contributed by Francis D．Moore,M．D． 744

Chapter Twenty-Six 824

LIVER,BILIARY TRACT,PANCREAS,AND SPLEEN＆Contributed by William V．McDermott,M．D． 824

Liver 824

Biliary Tract 840

Pancreas 852

Spleen 867

Chapter Twenty-Seven 879

HERNIA AND THE ABDOMINAL WALL 879

Chapter Twenty-Eight 901

THE GENITOURINARY TRACT AND ADRENALS＆Contributed by J．Hartwell Harrison,M．D． 901

Genitourinary Tract 901

Adrenal Gland 948

Chapter Twenty-Nine 960

THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT＆Contributed by Somers H．Sturgis,M．D． 960

Chapter Thirty 1002

ARTERIES,VEINS,AND LYMPHATICS 1002

Arteries 1005

Veins 1038

Lymphatics 1048

Chapter Thirty-One 1058

THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM＆Contributed by William T．Green,M．D．,and Mihran O．Tachdjian,M．D． 1058

Orthopedic Principles and Methods 1058

Congenital Deformities 1075

Bone 1087

Joints 1121

Muscles,Tendons,Bursae,and the Neuromuscular System 1143

The Hand 1166

The Spine and Pelvis 1189

The Foot 1199

Chapter Thirty-Two 1217

FRACTURES,DISLOCATIONS,AND SPRAINS＆Contributed by Thomas B．Quigley,M．D． 1217

Chapter Thirty-Three 1267

EXTENSIVE TRAUMA 1267

Chapter Thirty-Four 1283

NEONATAL SURGERY＆Contributed by W．Hardy Hendren,M．D． 1283

INDEX OF NAMES 1347

INDEX OF SUBJECTS 1365

List of Jllustrations 3

Figure 1．Granulation tissue 3

Figure 2．Rate of epithelization 4

Figure 3．Gillman＇s concept of epithelial migration 5

Figure 4．Wound contraction 6

Figure 5．Hexosamine,chondroitin sulfate and collagen formation in the healing wound 9

Figure 6．Tensile strength of experimental wounds in different tissues 10

Figure 7．Structural process of bone healing 12

Figure 8．Wallerian degeneration 12

Figure 9．Effect of methionine on wounds in protein-starved rats 16

Figure 10．Keloid formation 18

Figure 11．Types of wound 25

Figure 12．Cavitation in missile tract 26

Figure 13．Contrecoup trauma 26

Figure 14．Wound excision 29

Figure 15．Delayed primary closure 30

Figure 16．Secondary closure 32

Figure 17．Methods of suturing certain tissues 36

Figure 18．Z-plasty 38

Figure 19．Skin grafts 40

Figure 20．Pedicle flap 41

Figure 21．One type of dressing for a skin graft 43

Figure 22．Dressing technique 44

Figure 23．The transplanted kidney in situ 50

Figure 24．Immunologic principles of skin homograft rejection in man 52

Figure 25．Demonstration of＂cell-bound＂antibodies 57

Figure 26．Acquired tolerance and-adoptive immunity 59

Figure 27．Homograft rejection reaction 60

Figure 28．The millipore filter chamber in vivo 64

Figure 29．Homograft take in irradiated rabbit 65

Figure 30．Closed elective soft tissue operation of moderate severity 76

Figure 31．Nitrogen balance,caloric intake,and weight following trauma 77

Figure 32．Weight-curves in several settings 80

Figure 33．Alterations in coagulation factors postoperatively 82

Figure 34．Varying degrees of trauma 85

Figure 35．Activation of volume conservation 86

Figure 36．The various stages of progression of shock 90

Figure 37．Factors affecting contractility and irritability in heart and artery 96

Figure 38．Effect of definitive operation on severe injury 96

Figure 39．Blood supply to the intestinal wall 103

Figure 40．Sites of fluid loss in intestinal obstruction 103

Figure 41．Visible peristalsis 107

Figure 42．Distribution of gas shadows in small and large intestinal obstruction 109

Figure 43．Intestinal intubation 110

Figure 44．Two forms of small bowel obstruction 112

Figure 45．Duodenal fistula 118

Figure 46．Appearance of experimental starvation 120

Figure 47．Lung volumes 127

Figure 48．Emphysema and barrel chest 130

Figure 49．Relationship of vital capacity to maximum breathing capacity 131

Figure 50．Estimate of＂operative risk＂on the basis of pulmonary function 132

Figure 51．Cardiorespiratory factors associated with operation 133

Figure 52．Causes of retained secretions 134

Figure 53．Effects of tracheostomy on ventilatory factors 136

Figure 54．Intermittent positive pressure breathing with tracheostomy 137

Figure 55．Electrocardiographic evidence of changes in serum potassium 141

Figure 56．Some cardiac arrhythmias occurring after operation 143

Figure 57．Hepatic failure 147

Figure 58．Adrenocortical steroids 149

Figure 59．Adrenal failure 152

Figure 60．Arterial calcification in the diabetic 156

Figure 61．Pathogenesis of renal failure 161

Figure 62．Calcific embolus to kidney 162

Figure 63．Acute renal failure 162

Figure 64．The artificial kidney 164

Figure 65．The coagulation mechanism 170

Figure 66．Fibrinolytic purpura 171

Figure 67．Intravenous infusion－special techniques 178

Figure 68．Plasma storage 186

Figure 69．Processing of blood for frozen storage 192

Figure 70．Major group crossmatching of blood 193

Figure 71．Flow sheet of safe transfusion 195

Figure 72．Deterioration of blood in the bank 196

Figure 73．Classification of burns according to depth 204

Figure 74．The Rule of Nines 205

Figure 75．Body composition in burns 207

Figure 76．Major burns － weight changes 209

Figure 77．Exposure treatment of the burn wound 213

Figure 78．Metabolic events after an extensive burn 217

Figure 79．Fourth degree burns 218

Figure 80．Loss of function due to infection 227

Figure 81．Fluctuation 230

Figure 82．Testing of sensitivity of organism to antibacterial drugs 232

Figure 83．Carbuncle 234

Figure 84．Four types of temperature chart 236

Figure 85．Pseudomembranous enterocolitis 237

Figure 86．Tetanus 240

Figure 87．Modern autoclave 245

Figure 88．Effect of scrubbing on the bacteria count 246

Figure 89．Experimental cancer 253

Figure 90．Avenues of spread of cancer 255

Figure 91．Classification of grade of cancer 257

Figure 92．Types of biopsy 259

Figure 93．Papanicolaou vaginal smears 260

Figure 94．Radiation dermatitis 265

Figure 95．Radiotherapy of lymphoma 267

Figure 96．Limb perfusion 271

Figure 97．Local infiltration and field block 282

Figure 98．Nerve block 283

Figure 99．Spinal anesthesia 284

Figure 100．Anesthesia machine 286

Figure 101．Endotracheal intubation 287

Figure 102．Static electricity 293

Figure 103．Hypothermia induced by refrigerated blankets 296

Figure 104．Pump oxygenator 298

Figure 105．Signs and stages of anesthesia 305

Figure 106．Cardiac massage (manual systole) 308

Figure 107．Artificial respiration 310

Figure 108．Paravertebral lumbar block 311

Figure 109．Papilledema 316

Figure 110．Herniations of the brain 317

Figure 111．Sites of origin of motor,sensory,and psychic seizures 319

Figure 112．Loudness balance test 324

Figure 113．Changes in skull evoked by increased intracranial pressure 327

Figure 114．Electroencephalographic localization of focal intracranial lesion 328

Figure 115．Isotopic encephalography 330

Figure 116．Normal cerebral angiogram 331

Figure 117．Pneumoencephalogram 332

Figure 118．Ventriculoatriostomy and ventriculocisternostomy 335

Figure 119．Traumatic intracranial hematomas 338

Figure 120．Subdural hematoma 339

Figure 121．Glioblastoma multiforme 343

Figure 122．Craniopharyngioma 346

Figure 123．Acoustic neurinoma 348

Figure 124．Intracranial aneurysm 351

Figure 125．Arteriovenous malformation 353

Figure 126．Position for unconscious patient 362

Figure 127．Lumbar puncture 373

Figure 128．Cistern puncture 374

Figure 129．Spina bifida 376

Figure 130．Arnold-Chiari malformation 378

Figure 131．Preferred position for transporting patient with cervical spine injury 381

Figure 132．Compression fracture of vertebra 383

Figure 133．Fracture-dislocation of C4 and C5 384

Figure 134．Decubitus ulcers 386

Figure 135．Tidal drainage 387

Figure 136．Rehabilitation in paraplegia 388

Figure 137．Patient with ruptured intervertebral disc on left 391

Figure 138．Rupture of intervertebral lumbar disc－myelogram 392

Figure 139．Rupture of intervertebral cervical disc 394

Figure 140．Tumor of cauda equina 396

Figure 141．Extradural sarcoma 398

Figure 142．Radial nerve division above elbow 410

Figure 143．Median nerve division above elbow 410

Figure 144．Ulnar nerve division 411

Figure 145．Common peroneal nerve division 412

Figure 146．Tibial nerve division 412

Figure 147．Erb＇s palsy 414

Figure 148．Brachial plexus stretch injury 414

Figure 149．Posterior spinal root section 421

Figure 150．Retrogasserian rhizotomy by temporal approach 422

Figure 151．Sectioning trigeminal and glossopharyngeal nerves 423

Figure 152．Anterolateral cordotomy 424

Figure 153．The cardiac nerves 431

Figure 154．Upper thoracic sympathetic ganglionectomy 432

Figure 155．Dorsal and lumbar sympathetic ganglionectomy and splanchnicectomy 433

Figure 156．The globus oculi 445

Figure 157．Perforating wound of globe 449

Figure 158．Removal of intraocular foreign body 450

Figure 159．The eyelid 452

Figure 160．Chalazion 453

Figure 161．Basal cell carcinoma of lower lid 454

Figure 162．Pterygium 456

Figure 163．The lacrimal apparatus 458

Figure 164．Glaucoma 462

Figure 165．Cataract 464

Figure 166．Cataract extraction 465

Figure 167．Melanotic sacroma with associated detachment of the retina 466

Figure 168．Medial wall of tympanic cavity 474

Figure 169．Audiogram 478

Figure 170．Acute otitis media 483

Figure 171．Mastoiditis－x-ray 486

Figure 172．Endaural incisions 488

Figure 173．Mastoidectomy 488

Figure 174．Types of tympanoplasty 489

Figure 175．Fenestration operation before closing of cavity 492

Figure 176．Directional forces for mobilizing the stapes 493

Figure 177．Stapedectomy plus prosthetic replacement 494

Figure 178．External nose－structure and relationships 500

Figure 179．Nasal septum 502

Figure 180．Nasal septum － arterial blood supply 503

Figure 181．Posterior nasal plug 505

Figure 182．Lateral nasal wall 506

Figure 183．Lateral nasal wall 508

Figure 184．Coronal section through nose 509

Figure 185．Pathway of spread of infection from acute frontal sinusitis 510

Figure 186．Maxillary sinus 511

Figure 187．Pharyngeal abscesses － typical locations 521

Figure 188．Two views of the larynx 527

Figure 189．Technique of mirror laryngoscopy 527

Figure 190．Emergency tracheostomy 531

Figure 191．Chronic disorders of the larynx 534

Figure 192．Arytenoidectomy 536

Figure 193．Laryngocele 538

Figure 194．Laryngectomy 540

Figure 195．Distribution of cervical lymph nodes 544

Figure 196．Severe complete bilateral harelip 545

Figure 197．Prognathism 546

Figure 198．Hemangioma in a child 546

Figure 199．Macroglossia 547

Figure 200．Usual sites of fracture in the mandible 549

Figure 201．Usual fracture lines of mid-third of face 550

Figure 202．Facial expression lines 553

Figure 203．Malignant melanoma 554

Figure 204．Carcinoma of upper lip 555

Figure 205．Intraoral cancer 556

Figure 206．Metastatic epidemoid carcinoma in neck node 557

Figure 207．Mixed tumor of the parotid 560

Figure 208．The control of thyroid function 565

Figure 209．The motor nerves to the larynx 568

Figure 210．The postulated sequence in development of nodular goiter 574

Figure 211．Lymph node areas 577

Figure 212．Distribution of bony involvement in fibrous dysplasia of bone 588

Figure 213．Distribution of parathyroid glands 590

Figure 214．Water-clear cell hyperplasia 591

Figure 215．Chief-cell hyperplasia 591

Figure 216．Mediastinal parathyroid adenomas 594

Figure 217．Blood serum calcium and phosphorus levels 595

Figure 218．Surface landmarks of chest 600

Figure 219．Funnel chest 602

Figure 220．Pendulum air 604

Figure 221．Traumatic asphyxia 605

Figure 222．Subcutaneous emphysema 606

Figure 223．Two forms of closed chest drainage 607

Figure 224．Model simulating pleural pressures 611

Figure 225．Types of pneumothorax 612

Figure 226．Mechanical forces at play on a localized empyema cavity 613

Figure 227．Segmental anatomy of the lung 617

Figure 228．Lymphatic drainage of the lung 620

Figure 229．Emphysematous blebs and pneumothorax 622

Figure 230．Bronchographic anatomy and bronchiectasis 628

Figure 231．Tuberculosis of the lung 631

Figure 232．Radiologic manifestations of cancer of the lung 638

Figure 233．Distant metastases of cancer of the lung 639

Figure 234．Operability and survival after resection of cancer of lung 642

Figure 235．Neurofibroma of the mediastinum 645

Figure 236．Right heart catheterization 652

Figure 237．Left heart catheterization 652

Figure 238．Pressures and oxygen saturations of the blood in normal heart 653

Figure 239．Pulse contours and pressures in heart chambers 654

Figure 240．X-ray views of the heart 657

Figure 241．Fetal circulation 658

Figure 242．Patent ductus arteriosus unaccompanied by pulmonary arterial hypertension 659

Figure 243．Patent ductus arteriosus with pulmonary arterial hypertension 659

Figure 244．Heart of 10 mm．embryo 661

Figure 245．Interatrial septal defect 662

Figure 246．Interventricular septal defect of moderately large size 664

Figure 247．Pulmonic valvular stenosis with intact interventricular septum 666

Figure 248．Tetralogy of Fallot－moderate cyanosis 667

Figure 249．Tetralogy of Fallot－characteristic squatting position 667

Figure 250．Tetralogy of Fallot－available operative procedures 668

Figure 251．Congenital valvular aortic stenosis 669

Figure 252．Complete transposition of great arteries 670

Figure 253．Cardiac wound with tamponade 671

Figure 254．Mitral stenosis,moderately severe 672

Figure 255．Mitral stenosis 674

Figure 256．Calcific aortic stenosis 677

Figure 257．Aortic insufficiency 680

Figure 258．Aortic insufficiency 680

Figure 259．Coronary arteriosclerosis 684

Figure 260．Constrictive pericarditis 685

Figure 261．Spontaneous rupture of the esophagus 694

Figure 262．Development of a pharyngeal diverticulum 696

Figure 263．X-ray appearance of pharyngeal diverticulum 697

Figure 264．X-ray appearance of lower esophageal ring 698

Figure 265．Caustic stenosis 699

Figure 266．Types of esophageal reconstruction 700

Figure 267．Leiomyoma of the esophagus 701

Figure 268．Operative removal of leiomyoma of the esophagus 701

Figure 269．Carcinoma of esophagus,x-ray appearance 702

Figure 270．Esophagospasm 704

Figure 271．Gastritis and gastroesophageal reflux 706

Figure 272．Achalasia of the esophagus 707

Figure 273．The Heller procedure 708

Figure 274．Sliding hiatus hernia 711

Figure 275．Sliding hiatus hernia 711

Figure 276．Hormonal factors influencing the breast 719

Figure 277．Examination of the axilla 720

Figure 278．Physical signs of benign and malignant tumors 722

Figure 279．Drainage of breast abscess 724

Figure 280．Spread of breast cancer 729

Figure 281．Histologic types of breast carcinoma 730

Figure 282．Clinical stages 1 and 2 of breast carcinoma 733

Figure 283．Radical mastectomy 734

Figure 284．Operative field at the completion of dissection 735

Figure 285．Clinical stage 3 of breast carcinoma 737

Figure 286．Carcinoma of the stomach 752

Figure 287．Carcinoma of the stomach 754

Figure 288．Duodenal ulcer 756

Figure 289．Gastric outlet obstruction 759

Figure 290．Ulcer surgery in search of a rationale 763

Figure 291．The stomach as an＂osmotic shield＂ 768

Figure 292．Large benign gastric ulcer 770

Figure 293．Leiomyoma of the stomach 774

Figure 294．Duodenal polyp 774

Figure 295．Regional enteritis 777

Figure 296．Carcinoid of the small bowel 780

Figure 297．Acute appendicitis 784

Figure 298．Carcinoma of the colon in congenital polyposis 789

Figure 299．Lymphatics of the colon 793

Figure 300．Operations for carcinoma of the colon 794

Figure 301．Ulcerative colitis 799

Figure 302．Exteriorization of the gastrointestinal tract 801

Figure 303．Diverticulitis of the sigmoid 803

Figure 304．Anatomy of anus 807

Figure 305．Hemorrhoids 809

Figure 306．Perianal and perineal fistulas 811

Figure 307．Prolapse of the rectum and enterocele 813

Figure 308．The major types of portal cirrhosis 826

Figure 309．Pathogenesis of ascites 828

Figure 310．Ammonia metabolism 829

Figure 311．Arterial spider 830

Figure 312．Esophageal varices－x-ray 831

Figure 313．Splenoportography 832

Figure 314．Balloon tamponade of esophageal and gastric varices 832

Figure 315．Types of porto-systemic shunt 834

Figure 316．Relief of ascites by portacaval shunt 836

Figure 317．Bilirubin metabolism 841

Figure 318．Pathogenesis of acute cholecystitis 845

Figure 319．Common duct stones 847

Figure 320．Operative cholangiogram 849

Figure 321．Operations for pancreatitis 858

Figure 322．Carcinoma of head of the pancreas 860

Figure 323．Whipple operation (pancreaticoduodenal resection for cancer) 861

Figure 324．The surgical treatment of pseudocyst of the pancreas 863

Figure 325．Traumatic rupture of spleen 868

Figure 326．Platelet response to splenectomy 873

Figure 327．Sites of hernia 881

Figure 328．Sliding hernia 881

Figure 329．Varix simulating hernia 886

Figure 330．Some hernia repairs 889

Figure 331．Reduction of hernia by taxis 890

Figure 332．Incisional hernia 892

Figure 333．Interstitial hernia 892

Figure 334．Langer＇s lines of skin elasticity 895

Figure 335．Abdominal incisions 896

Figure 336．Polycystic disease 904

Figure 337．Horseshoe kidney 905

Figure 338．Ectopic pelvic kidney 905

Figure 339．Congenital hydronephrosis 906

Figure 340．Duplication of ureter and pelvis 907

Figure 341．Trauma to the kidney 909

Figure 342．Pyelonephritis 912

Figure 343．Renal cortical abscess 913

Figure 344．Bilateral urinary calculi 918

Figure 345．Renal carcinoma 920

Figure 346．Renal hypertension 924

Figure 347．Rupture of bladder 926

Figure 348．Lymphatic drainage of pelvic organs 928

Figure 349．Ruptured urethra 931

Figure 350．The hypertrophied prostate 933

Figure 351．Carcinoma of prostate with metastases 936

Figure 352．Hydrocele of tunica vaginalis 943

Figure 353．Torsion of spermatic cord 943

Figure 354．Tumor of the testis 946

Figure 355．Virilizing adrenal tumor 950

Figure 356．Hyperadrenocorticism 952

Figure 357．Common locations for pheochromocytoma 953

Figure 358．Catecholamines in pheochromocytoma 954

Figure 359．Congenital anomalies of the uterus 964

Figure 360．Ovarian dysgenesis 965

Figure 361．Female pseudohermaphroditism 966

Figure 362．Congenital eversion of the cervix 967

Figure 363．Retrodisplacement of the uterus 968

Figure 364．Pessaries for retrodisplacement 970

Figure 365．Acute bartholinitis 973

Figure 366．Monilia 975

Figure 367．Endocervical polyp 977

Figure 368．Multiple uterine fibroids 977

Figure 369．Calcified fibroid 978

Figure 370．Schiller test 979

Figure 371．Conization of the cervix 980

Figure 372．League of Nations staging of cancer of cervix 981

Figure 373．Operative specimen of Stage IV cancer of cervix removed by pelvic exenteration 982

Figure 374．Uterogram 982

Figure 375．Culdoscopy 984

Figure 376．The＂fern＂test 990

Figure 377．Stein-Leventhal syndrome 992

Figure 378．Cystic and adenomatous hyperplasia of endometrium 993

Figure 379．Endometriosis as seen at laparotomy 995

Figure 380．Raynaud＇s disease 1006

Figure 381．Skin temperatures in various states of sympathetic tone 1008

Figure 382．Frostbite 1010

Figure 383．Sources of arterial embolism 1012

Figure 384．Sites of arterial embolism 1013

Figure 385．Method of testing for oscillations 1014

Figure 386．Arterial contusion and spasm 1017

Figure 387．False aneurysm 1017

Figure 388．Coarctation of the aorta 1019

Figure 389．Arteriograms 1020

Figure 390．Arteriosclerotic gangrene of the forefoot 1021

Figure 391．Aortopopliteal bypass graft 1022

Figure 392．Stenosis of extracranial internal carotid artery 1024

Figure 393．Phlebitis migrans 1026

Figure 394．Levels of amputation 1029

Figure 395．The Syme amputation 1030

Figure 396．Initial prostheses for below knee and above knee amputations 1031

Figure 397．Abdominal aortic arteriosclerotic aneurysm 1032

Figure 398．Dissecting aneurysm of the aorta 1034

Figure 399．Arteriovenous fistula 1035

Figure 400．Venous circulation in normal and diseased legs 1040

Figure 401．Post-phlebitic syndrome 1041

Figure 402．Tests for function of the deep veins 1042

Figure 403．Superior vena caval syndrome 1043

Figure 404．Loose thrombus in femoral vein 1045

Figure 405．Pulmonary embolus 1047

Figure 406．Congenital lymphedema 1048

Figure 407．Elephantiasis 1049

Figure 408．Lymphangiography 1050

Figure 409．Testing for deformities 1061

Figure 410．Testing for range of motion 1063

Figure 411．Plaster of Paris body cast 1066

Figure 412．Two kinds of brace 1068

Figure 413．Russell traction 1069

Figure 414．Epiphyseal arrest 1071

Figure 415．Congenital muscular torticollis 1076

Figure 416．Sprengel＇s deformity 1077

Figure 417．Talipes equinovarus 1080

Figure 418．Congenital dislocation of left hip 1085

Figure 419．Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita 1086

Figure 420．Wolff＇s law 1087

Figure 421．Deformity due to muscle action 1088

Figure 422．Growth prediction chart 1090

Figure 423．Epiphyseal injury 1091

Figure 424．Osteomyelitis 1093

Figure 425．Legg-Perthes disease 1097

Figure 426．Patten bottom brace 1097

Figure 427．Slipped capital femoral epiphysis 1099

Figure 428．Osteochondroma of the proximal tibia 1106

Figure 429．Giant cell tumor of the distal radius 1108

Figure 430．Solitary bone cyst 1109

Figure 431．Osteoid osteoma of the femur 1111

Figure 432．Eosinophilic granuloma of the illium 1112

Figure 433．Osteogenic sarcoma of the femur 1114

Figure 434．Ewing＇s sarcoma 1117

Figure 435．Metastatic carcinoma with pathological feature 1120

Figure 436．Pyogenic arthritis 1124

Figure 437．Pott＇s disease 1127

Figure 438．Tuberculosis of the hip 1127

Figure 439．Malum coxae senilis 1131

Figure 440．Internal derangement of the knee 1134

Figure 441．Tear of the medial meniscus 1136

Figure 442．Tear of the cruciate ligaments 1137

Figure 443．Tear of the medial collateral ligament 1138

Figure 444．Volkmann＇s contracture 1147

Figure 445．Calcareous tendonitis 1152

Figure 446．Poliomyelitis － myostatic contractures and fixed deformities 1155

Figure 447．Poliomyelitis － transplantation of peroneus longus tendon 1158

Figure 448．Poliomyelitis － varus deformity 1159

Figure 449．Poliomyelitis－pes planovalgus 1160

Figure 450．Birth palsy 1164

Figure 451．Correct incisions in the hand 1168

Figure 452．Splinting of the hand 1178

Figure 453．Felon 1179

Figure 454．Paronychia 1180

Figure 455．Dupuytren＇s contracture 1185

Figure 456．Posture 1189

Figure 457．Scoliosis 1191

Figure 458．Corsets and braces 1196

Figure 459．Pronated feet 1200

Figure 460．Hallux valgus (bunion) 1203

Figure 461．Types of fracture (open＂compound＂fracture) 1218

Figure 462．Types of fractures－transverse,comminuted,spiral,greenstick 1219

Figure 463．Types of fractures－impacted,compression 1219

Figure 464．The Thomas splint 1222

Figure 465．External skeletal fixation 1226

Figure 466．Fracture of the clavicle 1228

Figure 467．Fracture of the clavicle 1229

Figure 468．Acromioclavicular ligament injury 1230

Figure 469．Dislocation of the shoulder 1232

Figure 470．Fracture of the proximal humerus 1233

Figure 471．Fracture of the shaft of the humerus 1234

Figure 472．Myositis ossificans 1235

Figure 473．Fracture of humerus at elbow 1236

Figure 474．Fracture of the head of the radius 1237

Figure 475．Fracture of olecranon and elbow dislocation 1237

Figure 476．Monteggia fracture and shattered elbow 1238

Figure 477．Fracture of both bones of forearm 1239

Figure 478．Fracture of distal radial epiphysis 1240

Figure 479．Fracture of the scaphoid 1241

Figure 480．Colles＇ fracture 1242

Figure 481．Fracture of the metacarpals 1243

Figure 482．Fracture of the neck of the metacarpal 1244

Figure 483．Compression fracture of the lumbar spine 1246

Figure 484．Fracture of the pelvis 1247

Figure 485．Posterior dislocation of the hip 1249

Figure 486．Fracture of the hip 1251

Figure 487．Fracture of femur 1253

Figure 488．The effect of violent abduction on the knee 1254

Figure 489．Fracture of the patella 1255

Figure 490．Fracture of tibia and fibula 1257

Figure 491．Ankle injuries 1259

Figure 492．Micrognathia 1289

Figure 493．Cystic hygroma 1290

Figure 494．Bronchial compression 1292

Figure 495．Staphylococcal pneumonia 1293

Figure 496．Esophageal atresia and fistula 1295

Figure 497．Esophageal atresia－x-ray 1296

Figure 498．Diaphragmatic hernia 1298

Figure 499．Ileal atresia 1300

Figure 500．Esophageal stenosis 1300

Figure 501．Types of intestinal atresia 1303

Figure 502．Mikulicz resection technique 1305

Figure 503．Malrotation of the intestine 1307

Figure 504．Hirschsprung＇s disease 1309

Figure 505．Ileocecal duplication 1312

Figure 506．Inguinal hernia 1313

Figure 507．Pneumoperitoneum 1314

Figure 508．Large sacrococcygeal teratoma 1317

Figure 509．Torsion of ovarian cyst in newborn 1319

Figure 510．Large omphalocele 1326

Figure 511．Anatomy of adrenogenital syndrome 1332